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    <title>Alabama</title>
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<p><b>Alabama</b> {{Audio-IPA}} is a <a href="U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> located in the <a href="Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southeastern region</a> of the <a href="United_States_of_America" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. It is bordered by <a href="Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to the north, <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> to the east, <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and the <a href="Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to the south, and <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-1" title="">[1]</a></sup> </p>
<p>From the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> until <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. <a href="White_American" title="White American">White</a> rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and <a href="African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> were underrepresented.<sup id="_ref-pjhwpa_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-pjhwpa" title="">[2]</a></sup> Following World War II, Alabama experienced significant recovery as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology, as well as the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the <a href="U.S._Army" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> and <a href="U.S._Air_Force" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>. The state has heavily invested in aerospace, education, health care, and banking, and various heavy industries including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and <a href="Fabrication_(metal)" title="fabrication (metal)">fabrication</a>.</p>
<p>Alabama is unofficially nicknamed the <i><a href="Northern_Flicker#Alabama" title="Northern Flicker">Yellowhammer</a> State</i>, which is also the name of the <a href="List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">state bird</a>. Alabama is also known as the "<a href="Dixie" title="Dixie">Heart of Dixie</a>". The <a href="List_of_U.S._state_trees" title="List of U.S. state trees">state tree</a> is the <a href="Longleaf_Pine" title="Longleaf Pine">Longleaf Pine</a>, the <a href="List_of_U.S._state_flowers" title="List of U.S. state flowers">state flower</a> is the <a href="Camellia" title="Camellia">Camellia</a>. The capital of Alabama is <a href="Montgomery%2C_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, and the largest city by population is <a href="Birmingham%2C_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>. The largest city by total land area is <a href="Huntsville%2C_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>. The oldest city is <a href="Mobile%2C_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Etymology_of_state_name">Etymology of state name</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#History">History</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Geography">Geography</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Urban_areas">Urban areas</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Climate">Climate</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Demographics">Demographics</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Race_and_ancestry">Race and ancestry</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Religion">Religion</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Economy">Economy</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Taxes">Taxes</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Transportation">Transportation</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Water_ports">Water ports</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Law_and_government">Law and government</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#State_government">State government</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Local_and_county_government">Local and county government</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#State_politics">State politics</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#National_politics">National politics</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Health.2C_education.2C_and_policy">Health, education, and policy</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Professional_sports_teams">Professional sports teams</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Notable_Alabamians">Notable Alabamians</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also">See also</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Cultural_sites">Cultural sites</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Events">Events</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Venues">Venues</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#References">References</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Further_reading">Further reading</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links">External links</a>
</li>
</ul>
</ul></td></tr></table><hr/>
<a id="Etymology_of_state_name" name="Etymology_of_state_name"/><h2>Etymology of state name</h2>
<p>The <a href="Alabama_(people)" title="Alabama (people)">Alabama</a>, a <a href="Muskogean" title="Muskogean">Muskogean</a> tribe, which resided just below the confluence of the <a href="Coosa_River" title="Coosa River">Coosa</a> and <a href="Tallapoosa_River" title="Tallapoosa River">Tallapoosa Rivers</a> on the upper reaches of the <a href="Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama River</a>,<sup id="_ref-Read_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Read" title="">[3]</a></sup> served as the <a href="Etymology" title="etymology">etymological source</a> of the names of the river and state. In the <a href="Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama language</a>, the word for an Alabama person is <i>Albaamo</i> (or variously <i>Albaama</i> or <i>Albàamo</i> in different dialects; the plural form "Alabama persons" is <i>Albaamaha</i>).<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#_note-4" title="">[4]</a></sup> The word <i>Alabama</i> is believed to have originated from the <a href="Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw language</a><sup id="_ref-Rogers_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Rogers" title="">[5]</a></sup> and was later adopted by the Alabama tribe as their name.<sup id="_ref-ADAH1_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ADAH1" title="">[6]</a></sup>  The spelling of the word varies significantly between sources.<sup id="_ref-ADAH1_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ADAH1" title="">[6]</a></sup>  The first usage appears in three accounts of the <a href="Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> expedition of 1540 with Garcilasso de la Vega using <i>Alibamo</i> while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote <i>Alibamu</i> and <i>Limamu</i>, respectively.<sup id="_ref-ADAH1_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ADAH1" title="">[6]</a></sup>  As early as 1702, the tribe was known to the <a href="France" title="France">French</a> as <i>Alibamon</i> with French maps identifying the river as <i>Rivière des Alibamons</i>.<sup id="_ref-Read_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Read" title="">[3]</a></sup>  Other spellings of the appellation have included <i>Alibamu</i>, <i>Alabamo</i>, <i>Albama</i>, <i>Alebamon</i>, <i>Alibama</i>, <i>Alibamou</i>, <i>Alabamu</i>, and <i>Allibamou</i>.<sup id="_ref-ADAH1_d" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ADAH1" title="">[6]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Wills_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Wills" title="">[7]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Griffith_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Griffith" title="">[8]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Weiss_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Weiss" title="">[9]</a></sup></p>
<p>Although the origin of <i>Alabama</i> was evident, the meaning of the tribe's name was not always clear. An article without a <a href="Byline" title="byline">byline</a> appearing in the <i>Jacksonville Republican</i> on July 27, 1842, originated the idea that the meaning was "Here We Rest."<sup id="_ref-ADAH1_e" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ADAH1" title="">[6]</a></sup> This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of <a href="Alexander_Beaufort_Meek" title="Alexander Beaufort Meek">Alexander Beaufort Meek</a>.<sup id="_ref-ADAH1_f" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ADAH1" title="">[6]</a></sup>  Experts in the <a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean languages</a> have been unable to find any evidence that would support this translation.<sup id="_ref-Read_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Read" title="">[3]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-ADAH1_g" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ADAH1" title="">[6]</a></sup>  It is now generally accepted that the word comes from the Choctaw words <i>alba</i> (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and <i>amo</i> (meaning "to cut", "to trim", or "to gather").<sup id="_ref-Rogers_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Rogers" title="">[5]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-ADAH1_h" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ADAH1" title="">[6]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Swanton1_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Swanton1" title="">[10]</a></sup>  This results in translations such as "clearers of the thicket"<sup id="_ref-Rogers_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Rogers" title="">[5]</a></sup> or even "herb gatherers"<sup id="_ref-Swanton1_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Swanton1" title="">[10]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Swanton2_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Swanton2" title="">[11]</a></sup> which may refer to clearing of land for the purpose of planting crops<sup id="_ref-Wills_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Wills" title="">[7]</a></sup> or to collection of medicinal plants by <a href="Medicine_man" title="medicine man">medicine men</a>.<sup id="_ref-Swanton2_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Swanton2" title="">[11]</a></sup></p>
<a id="History" name="History"/><h2>History</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
Among the <a href="Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> people once living in the area of present day Alabama were <a href="Alabama_(people)" title="Alabama (people)">Alabama</a> (<i>Alibamu</i>), <a href="Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="Creek_people" title="Creek people">Creek</a>, <a href="Koasati" title="Koasati">Koasati</a>, and <a href="Mobile_(people)" title="Mobile (people)">Mobile</a>.<sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#_note-12" title="">[12]</a></sup> Trade with the Northeast via the <a href="Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC-700 AD) and continued until <a href="European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European contact</a>.<sup id="_ref-NewYorkTimesAlmanac_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-NewYorkTimesAlmanac" title="">[13]</a></sup> The agrarian <a href="Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers being at the <a href="Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville Archaeological Site</a> in <a href="Moundville%2C_Alabama" title="Moundville, Alabama">Moundville, Alabama</a>.<sup id="_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#_note-14" title="">[14]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#_note-15" title="">[15]</a></sup> Artifacts recovered from archaeological excavations at Moundville were a major component in the formulation of the <a href="Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a>.<sup id="_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#_note-16" title="">[16]</a></sup> Contrary to popular belief, this development appears to have no direct links to <a href="Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, but developed independently. This Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the <a href="Religion" title="religion">religion</a> of the Mississippian peoples, and is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.<sup id="_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#_note-17" title="">[17]</a></sup> </p>
<p>The French founded the first European settlement in the state with the establishment of <a href="Mobile%2C_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> in 1702.<sup id="_ref-US50_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-US50" title="">[18]</a></sup> Southern Alabama was French from 1702 to 1763, part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1780, and part of Spanish West Florida from 1780 to 1814. Northern and central Alabama was part of British Georgia from 1763 to 1783 and part of the American Mississippi territory thereafter. Its statehood was delayed by the lack of a coastline; rectified when <a href="Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> captured Spanish Mobile in 1814.<sup id="_ref-StateMaster_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-StateMaster" title="">[19]</a></sup> Alabama was the twenty-second state, admitted to the Union in 1819. Its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men.</p>
<p>Alabama was part of the new frontier in the 1820s and 1830s. Settlers rapidly arrived to take advantage of its fertile soil. Planters brought slaves with them, and traders brought in more from the Upper South as the cotton plantations expanded. The economy of the central "<a href="Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a>" was built around large cotton plantations whose owners built their wealth on slave labor. It was named for the dark, productive soil.<sup id="_ref-SSpaces_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-SSpaces" title="">[20]</a></sup> Elsewhere poor whites were subsistence farmers. According to the 1860 census, enslaved Africans comprised 45% of the state's population of 964,201. There were only 2,690 free persons of color. </p>
<p>In 1861 Alabama declared its secession from the Union and joined the <a href="Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. While few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the Civil War. All the slaves were freed by 1865.<sup id="_ref-HistDocs_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-HistDocs" title="">[21]</a></sup> Following <a href="Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, Alabama was restored to the Union in 1868.</p>
<p>After the Civil War, the state was still chiefly rural and tied to cotton. Planters resisted working with free labor and sought to re-establish controls over African Americans. Whites used paramilitary groups, <a href="Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> and segregation to reduce freedoms of African Americans and restore their own dominance.</p>
<p>In its new constitution of 1901, the legislature effectively disfranchised African Americans through voting restrictions. While the planter class had engaged poor whites in supporting these efforts, the new restrictions resulted in disfranchising poor whites as well. By 1941, a total of more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600,000 whites to 520,000 blacks. This was due mostly to effects of the cumulative poll tax.<sup id="_ref-epzzsd_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-epzzsd" title="">[22]</a></sup></p>
<p>The damage to the African-American community was pervasive, as nearly all its citizens lost the ability to vote. In 1900, fourteen Black Belt counties (which were primarily African American) had more than 79,000 voters on the rolls. By June 1, 1903, the number of registered voters had dropped to 1,081. In 1900, Alabama had more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote. By 1903, only 2,980 had managed to "qualify" to register, although at least 74,000 black voters were literate. The shut out was long-lasting.<sup id="_ref-epzzsd_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-epzzsd" title="">[22]</a></sup>  The disfranchisement was ended only by African Americans leading the <a href="Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> and gaining Federal legislation in the mid-1960s to protect their voting and civil rights.  The <a href="Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> also protected the suffrage of poor whites.</p>
<p>The rural-dominated legislature continued to underfund schools and services for African Americans in the segregated state, but did not relieve them of paying taxes.<sup id="_ref-SSpaces_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-SSpaces" title="">[20]</a></sup> Continued racial discrimination, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to <a href="Boll_weevil" title="boll weevil">boll weevil</a> infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans to seek out opportunities in northern cities. They left Alabama in the early 20th century as part of the <a href="Great_Migration" title="Great Migration">Great Migration</a> to industrial jobs and better futures in northern industrial cities. The population growth rate in Alabama (see "Historical Populations" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910–1920, reflecting the effect of outmigration. </p>
<p>At the same time, many rural whites and blacks migrated to the city of <a href="Birmingham%2C_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> for work in new industrial jobs. It experienced such rapid growth that it was nicknamed "The Magic City".  By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th largest city in the U.S. and held more than 30% of the population of the state. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of the economy.<sup id="_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#_note-23" title="">[23]</a></sup></p>
<p>Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. In addition, the state legislature gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to ensure election by persons living outside of Birmingham.</p>
<p>One result was that Jefferson County, home of Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state.  Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, "A minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature."<sup id="_ref-pjhwpa_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-pjhwpa" title="">[2]</a></sup></p>
<p>Because of the long disfranchisement of African Americans, the state continued as one-party Democratic for decades. It produced a number of national leaders. Industrial development related to the demands of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought prosperity.<sup id="_ref-SSpaces_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-SSpaces" title="">[20]</a></sup> Cotton faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. In the 1960s under Governor <a href="George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, many whites in the state opposed integration efforts.</p>
<p>During the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans achieved a protection of voting and other civil rights through the passage of the national <a href="Civil_Rights_Act" title="Civil Rights Act">Civil Rights Act</a> of 1964,<sup id="_ref-cra64_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-cra64" title="">[24]</a></sup> and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. <i><a href="De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i> segregation ended in the states as <a href="Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> were invalidated or repealed.<sup id="_ref-USDOJ_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-USDOJ" title="">[25]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, cases were filed in Federal courts to force Alabama to properly redistrict by population both the state legislature House and Senate. In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature implemented the Alabama constitution's provision for periodic redistricting based on population.  This benefited the many urban areas that had developed, and all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years.<sup id="_ref-pjhwpa_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-pjhwpa" title="">[2]</a></sup></p>
<p>After 1972, the state's white voters shifted much of their support to Republican candidates in presidential elections (as also occurred in neighboring southern states). Since 1990 the majority of whites in the state have also voted increasingly Republican in state elections, although Democrats are still the majority party in both houses of the legislature.<sup id="_ref-Southerner_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Southerner" title="">[26]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Geography" name="Geography"/><h2>Geography</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
{{See also}}
<a class="internal" href="Image:Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg" title="Alabama terrain map: shows lakes, rivers, roads, with Mount Cheaha (right center) east of Birmingham."><img src="Map_of_Alabama_terrain_NA.jpg" alt="Alabama terrain map: shows lakes, rivers, roads, with Mount Cheaha (right center) east of Birmingham." title="Alabama terrain map: shows lakes, rivers, roads, with Mount Cheaha (right center) east of Birmingham." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><b>Alabama</b> terrain map: shows lakes, rivers, roads, with <a href="Mount_Cheaha" title="Mount Cheaha">Mount Cheaha</a> (right center) east of <a href="Birmingham%2C_AL" title="Birmingham, AL">Birmingham</a>.</div></p>
<p>Alabama is the thirtieth largest state in the United States with 52,423 square miles (135,775 km²) of total area: 3.19% of the area is water, making Alabama twenty-third in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second largest inland waterway system in the United States.<sup id="_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#_note-27" title="">[27]</a></sup>  About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the <a href="Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and the Gulf of Mexico. The <a href="North_Alabama" title="North Alabama">North Alabama</a> region is mostly mountainous, with the <a href="Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a> cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.<sup id="_ref-NetState_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-NetState" title="">[28]</a></sup></p>
<p>The states bordering Alabama are <a href="Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to the north; <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> to the east; <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> to the south; and <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> to the west. Alabama has coastline at the <a href="Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, in the extreme southern edge of the state.<sup id="_ref-NetState_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-NetState" title="">[28]</a></sup>  Alabama ranges in elevation from <a href="Sea_level" title="sea level">sea level</a><sup id="_ref-usgs_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-usgs" title="">[29]</a></sup> at <a href="Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the <a href="Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> in the northeast. The highest point is <a href="Mount_Cheaha" title="Mount Cheaha">Mount Cheaha</a>,<sup id="_ref-NetState_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-NetState" title="">[28]</a></sup> at a height of {{convert}}.  Alabama's land consists of {{convert}} of <a href="Forest" title="forest">forest</a> or 67% of total land area.<sup id="_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#_note-30" title="">[30]</a></sup>  Suburban <a href="Baldwin_County%2C_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin County</a>, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.<sup id="_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#_note-31" title="">[31]</a></sup></p>
<p>Areas in Alabama administered by the <a href="National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> include <a href="Horseshoe_Bend_National_Military_Park" title="Horseshoe Bend National Military Park">Horseshoe Bend National Military Park</a> near <a href="Alexander_City%2C_Alabama" title="Alexander City, Alabama">Alexander City</a>; <a href="Little_River_Canyon_National_Preserve" title="Little River Canyon National Preserve">Little River Canyon National Preserve</a> near <a href="Fort_Payne%2C_Alabama" title="Fort Payne, Alabama">Fort Payne</a>; <a href="Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave National Monument</a> in <a href="Bridgeport%2C_Alabama" title="Bridgeport, Alabama">Bridgeport</a>; <a href="Tuskegee_Airmen_National_Historic_Site" title="Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site">Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site</a> in <a href="Tuskegee%2C_AL" title="Tuskegee, AL">Tuskegee</a>; and <a href="Tuskegee_Institute_National_Historic_Site" title="Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site">Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site</a> near <a href="Tuskegee" title="Tuskegee">Tuskegee</a>.<sup id="_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#_note-32" title="">[32]</a></sup> Additionally, Alabama has four <a href="United_States_National_Forest" title="United States National Forest">National Forests</a> including <a href="Conecuh_National_Forest" title="Conecuh National Forest">Conecuh</a>, <a href="Talladega_National_Forest" title="Talladega National Forest">Talladega</a>, <a href="Tuskegee_National_Forest" title="Tuskegee National Forest">Tuskegee</a>, and <a href="William_B._Bankhead_National_Forest" title="William B. Bankhead National Forest">William B. Bankhead</a>.<sup id="_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#_note-33" title="">[33]</a></sup>  Alabama also contains the <a href="Natchez_Trace_Parkway" title="Natchez Trace Parkway">Natchez Trace Parkway</a>, the <a href="Selma_To_Montgomery_National_Historic_Trail" title="Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail">Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail</a>, and the <a href="Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail</a>.  A notable natural wonder in Alabama is <a href="Natural_Bridge%2C_Alabama" title="Natural Bridge, Alabama">"Natural Bridge"</a> rock, the longest <a href="Natural_bridge" title="natural bridge">natural bridge</a> east of the <a href="Rockies" title="Rockies">Rockies</a>, located just south of <a href="Haleyville%2C_Alabama" title="Haleyville, Alabama">Haleyville</a>, in <a href="Winston_County%2C_Alabama" title="Winston County, Alabama">Winston County</a>.</p>
<p>A {{convert}}-wide meteorite impact crater is located in <a href="Elmore_County%2C_Alabama" title="Elmore County, Alabama">Elmore County</a>, just north of Montgomery. This is the <a href="Wetumpka_crater" title="Wetumpka crater">Wetumpka crater</a>, which is the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster".<sup id="_ref-mlvguh_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-mlvguh" title="">[34]</a></sup>  A {{convert}}-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.<sup id="_ref-mlvguh_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-mlvguh" title="">[34]</a></sup> The hills just east of downtown <a href="Wetumpka" title="Wetumpka">Wetumpka</a> showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.<sup id="_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#_note-35" title="">[35]</a></sup> In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as an internationally recognized impact crater.<sup id="_ref-mlvguh_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-mlvguh" title="">[34]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Urban_areas" name="Urban_areas"/><h3>Urban areas</h3>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Birmingham_panorama.jpg" title="Birmingham, largest city and metropolitan area"><img src="Birmingham_panorama.jpg" alt="Birmingham, largest city and metropolitan area" title="Birmingham, largest city and metropolitan area" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Birmingham%2C_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, largest city and metropolitan area</div>
<a class="internal" href="Image:Downtown_Mobile_2008_01.jpg" title="Mobile, second largest metropolitan area"><img src="Downtown_Mobile_2008_01.jpg" alt="Mobile, second largest metropolitan area" title="Mobile, second largest metropolitan area" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Mobile%2C_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, second largest metropolitan area</div>
<a class="internal" href="Image:100_1830.JPG" title="Huntsville, third largest metropolitan area"><img src="100_1830.JPG" alt="Huntsville, third largest metropolitan area" title="Huntsville, third largest metropolitan area" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Huntsville%2C_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>, third largest metropolitan area</div>
<a class="internal" href="Image:Montgomery_Alabama_panorama.jpg" title="Montgomery, fourth largest metropolitan area"><img src="Montgomery_Alabama_panorama.jpg" alt="Montgomery, fourth largest metropolitan area" title="Montgomery, fourth largest metropolitan area" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Montgomery%2C_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, fourth largest metropolitan area</div>
{{Main}}
{{See also}}</p>

<div style="page-break-inside: avoid;">
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>Rank</th>
<th>Metropolitan Area</th>
<th>Population (2008 estimates)</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td><a href="Birmingham-Hoover_Metropolitan_Area" title="Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area">Birmingham-Hoover</a></td>
<td align="center">1,117,608 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td><a href="Mobile_metropolitan_area" title="Mobile metropolitan area">Mobile</a></td>
<td align="center">404,406</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td><a href="Huntsville%2C_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></td>
<td align="center">386,632</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td><a href="Montgomery_Metropolitan_Area" title="Montgomery Metropolitan Area">Montgomery</a></td>
<td align="center">365,962</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td><a href="Tuscaloosa_metropolitan_area" title="Tuscaloosa metropolitan area">Tuscaloosa</a></td>
<td align="center">205,218</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td><a href="Decatur_Metropolitan_Area" title="Decatur Metropolitan Area">Decatur</a></td>
<td align="center">150,125</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td><a href="Florence-Muscle_Shoals_Metropolitan_Area" title="Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area">Florence-Muscle Shoals</a> </td>
<td align="center">143,791</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td><a href="Dothan_metropolitan_area" title="Dothan metropolitan area">Dothan</a></td>
<td align="center">139,499</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td><a href="Auburn_Metropolitan_Area" title="Auburn Metropolitan Area">Auburn-Opelika</a></td>
<td align="center">130,516 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td><a href="Anniston-Oxford_Metropolitan_Area" title="Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Area">Anniston-Oxford</a></td>
<td align="center">113,103</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td><a href="Gadsden_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" title="Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area">Gadsden</a></td>
<td align="center">103,217</td></tr>
<tr>
<td/>
<td align="right">Total</td>
<td align="center">3,260,077</td></tr></table></div>


<div style="page-break-inside: avoid;">
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>Rank </th>
<th>City</th>
<th>Population <br/>(2008 estimates)</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">1</td>
<td><a href="Birmingham%2C_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">228,798</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">2</td>
<td><a href="Montgomery%2C_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">202,696</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">3</td>
<td><a href="Mobile%2C_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">191,022</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">4</td>
<td><a href="Huntsville%2C_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">176,645</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">5</td>
<td><a href="Tuscaloosa%2C_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">90,221</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">6</td>
<td><a href="Hoover%2C_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">71,020</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">7</td>
<td><a href="Dothan%2C_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a> </td>
<td style="text-align:center;">66,505</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">8</td>
<td><a href="Auburn%2C_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">56,088</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">9</td>
<td><a href="Decatur%2C_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">56,068</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">10</td>
<td><a href="Madison%2C_Alabama" title="Madison, Alabama">Madison</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">38,714</td></tr></table></div>

<a id="Climate" name="Climate"/><h3>Climate</h3>
<p>The <a href="Climate" title="climate">climate</a> of Alabama is described as <a href="Temperate" title="temperate">temperate</a> with an average annual temperature of 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its close proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.<sup id="_ref-cprgsw_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-cprgsw" title="">[36]</a></sup>  Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of {{convert}} of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.<sup id="_ref-cprgsw_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-cprgsw" title="">[36]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over {{convert}} throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to <a href="Tropical_storm" title="tropical storm">tropical storms</a> and even <a href="Hurricane" title="hurricane">hurricanes</a>. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken. </p>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Alabama_winter_2008.jpg" title="Though winters in the state are usually mild, nightly freezing occurs frequently in the North Alabama region. This is shown in this picture taken at the Old State Bank in Decatur during early January."><img src="Alabama_winter_2008.jpg" alt="Though winters in the state are usually mild, nightly freezing occurs frequently in the North Alabama region. This is shown in this picture taken at the Old State Bank in Decatur during early January." title="Though winters in the state are usually mild, nightly freezing occurs frequently in the North Alabama region. This is shown in this picture taken at the Old State Bank in Decatur during early January." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Though winters in the state are usually mild, nightly freezing occurs frequently in the <a href="North_Alabama" title="North Alabama">North Alabama</a> region. This is shown in this picture taken at the <a href="State_Bank_Building%2C_Decatur_Branch_(Old_State_Bank)" title="State Bank Building, Decatur Branch (Old State Bank)">Old State Bank</a> in <a href="Decatur%2C_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a> during early January.</div></p>
<p>South Alabama reports more <a href="Thunderstorms" title="thunderstorms">thunderstorms</a> than any part of the U.S.{{Citation needed}} The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent <a href="Lightning" title="lightning">lightning</a> and large <a href="Hail" title="hail">hail</a> – the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks seventh in the number of deaths from lightning and ninth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.<sup id="_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#_note-37" title="">[37]</a></sup> Sometimes <a href="Tornado" title="tornado">tornadoes</a> occur – these are common throughout the state, although the peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama shares the dubious distinction, with <a href="Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, of having reported more <a href="Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">F5 tornadoes</a> than any other state – according to statistics from the <a href="National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a> for the period January 1, 1950 to October 31, 2006. An F5 tornado is the most powerful of its kind.<sup id="_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#_note-38" title="">[38]</a></sup> Several long – tracked F5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state except for <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. The <a href="Super_Outbreak" title="Super Outbreak">Super Outbreak</a> of March, 1974, badly affected Alabama. The northern part of the state – along the Tennessee Valley – is one of the areas in the US most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as <a href="Dixie_Alley" title="Dixie Alley">Dixie Alley</a>, as distinct from the <a href="Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a> of the Southern Plains. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season (November and December) in addition to the Spring severe weather season.</p>
<p>Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the <a href="Southeastern_United_States" title="southeastern United States">southeastern United States</a>, with average January low temperatures around {{convert}} in Mobile and around {{convert}} in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. For example, the annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches per year.  In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.</p>

<div style="page-break-inside: avoid;">
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tr>
<td colspan="26" style="font-size:120%;background:#e8eafa;">Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities<sup id="_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#_note-39" title="">[39]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black; height:17px;">Month</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Jan</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Feb</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Mar</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Apr</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">May</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Jun</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Jul</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Aug</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Sep</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Oct</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Nov</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#d8f8d8; color:Black;">Dec</th></tr>
<tr>
<th style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:17px;">City</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">temp</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:#000100;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°F</th>
<th style="background:#e8eafa; color:Black;">°C</th></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;">Birmingham</th>
<th style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;">high</th>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;">low</th>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;">Huntsville</th>
<th style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;">high</th>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#e5afaa; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;">low</th>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
<td>style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;" {{convert}}</td>
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<th rowspan="2" style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;">Mobile</th>
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<th rowspan="2" style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;">Montgomery</th>
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<a id="Demographics" name="Demographics"/><h2>Demographics</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
<a class="internal" href="Image:Alabama_population_map.png" title="Alabama population density map"><img src="Alabama_population_map.png" alt="Alabama population density map" title="Alabama population density map" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Alabama population density map</div>
{{USCensusPop}}</p>
<p>The <a href="United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, as of July 1, 2008, estimated Alabama's population at 4,661,900,<sup id="_ref-08CenEst_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-08CenEst" title="">[40]</a></sup> which represents an increase of 214,545, or 4.8%, since the last census in 2000.<sup id="_ref-census_cum_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-census_cum" title="">[41]</a></sup> This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people (that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 people into the state.<sup id="_ref-census_cum_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-census_cum" title="">[41]</a></sup> <a href="Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people.<sup id="_ref-census_cum_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-census_cum" title="">[41]</a></sup>  The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24,000).</p>
<p>The <a href="Center_of_population" title="center of population">center of population</a> of Alabama is located in <a href="Chilton_County%2C_Alabama" title="Chilton County, Alabama">Chilton County</a>, outside of the town of <a href="Jemison%2C_Alabama" title="Jemison, Alabama">Jemison</a>, an area known as Jemison Division.<sup id="_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#_note-42" title="">[42]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Race_and_ancestry" name="Race_and_ancestry"/><h3>Race and ancestry</h3>
<p>The racial makeup of the state and comparison to the prior census:
{{US Demographics}}</p>
<p>The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama: African American (26.0%), American (17.0%), <a href="English_American" title="English American">English</a> (7.8%), <a href="Irish_American" title="Irish American">Irish</a> (7.7%), <a href="German_American" title="German American">German</a> (5.7%), and <a href="Scots-Irish_American" title="Scots-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a> (2.0%). 'American' does not include those reported as Native American.</p>
<a id="Religion" name="Religion"/><h3>Religion</h3>
<p>Alabama is located in the middle of the <a href="Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>. In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning.<sup id="_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#_note-43" title="">[43]</a></sup>  In a 2007 poll, 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state.<sup id="_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#_note-44" title="">[44]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#_note-45" title="">[45]</a></sup> The Mobile area is notable for its large percentage of Catholics, owing to the area's unique early history under French and Spanish rule. Today, a huge percentage of Alabamians identify themselves as Protestants. </p>
<p>In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey, 80% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as "Other Christian" (survey's label), 6% as Catholic, and 11% as having no religion at all.<sup id="_ref-ARIS2008_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ARIS2008" title="">[46]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Economy" name="Economy"/><h2>Economy</h2>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Alabama_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2003.jpg" title="Alabama's quarter depicting famous resident Helen Keller along with the longleaf pine branch and Camellia blossoms from the 50 State Quarters program. Released March 19, 2003."><img src="Alabama_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2003.jpg" alt="Alabama's quarter depicting famous resident Helen Keller along with the longleaf pine branch and Camellia blossoms from the 50 State Quarters program. Released March 19, 2003." title="Alabama's quarter depicting famous resident Helen Keller along with the longleaf pine branch and Camellia blossoms from the 50 State Quarters program. Released March 19, 2003." class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Alabama's quarter depicting famous resident <a href="Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a> along with the longleaf pine branch and Camellia blossoms from the <a href="50_State_Quarters" title="50 State Quarters">50 State Quarters</a> program. Released March 19, 2003.</div></p>
<p>According to the United States <a href="Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a>, the 2008 total <a href="Gross_state_product" title="gross state product">gross state product</a> was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2008 GDP increased 0.7% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information.<sup id="_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#_note-47" title="">[47]</a></sup>  In 1999, <a href="Per_capita_income" title="per capita income">per capita income</a> for the state was $18,189.<sup id="_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#_note-48" title="">[48]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Alabama's <a href="Agricultural" title="agricultural">agricultural</a> outputs include <a href="Poultry" title="poultry">poultry</a> and <a href="Egg_(food)" title="egg (food)">eggs</a>, <a href="Cattle" title="cattle">cattle</a>, plant nursery items, <a href="Peanut" title="peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="Cotton" title="cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="Cereal" title="cereal">grains</a> such as <a href="Maize" title="maize">corn</a> and <a href="Sorghum" title="sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="Vegetable" title="vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="Milk" title="milk">milk</a>, <a href="Soybean" title="soybean">soybeans</a>, and <a href="Peach" title="peach">peaches</a>. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eight and ten in national cotton production, according to various reports,<sup id="_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#_note-49" title="">[49]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#_note-50" title="">[50]</a></sup> with <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> comprising the top three.</p>
<p>Alabama's <a href="Industry" title="industry">industrial</a> outputs include <a href="Iron" title="iron">iron</a> and <a href="Steel" title="steel">steel</a> products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); <a href="Paper" title="paper">paper</a>, <a href="Lumber" title="lumber">lumber</a>, and <a href="Wood" title="wood">wood</a> products; <a href="Mining" title="mining">mining</a> (mostly coal); <a href="Plastic" title="plastic">plastic</a> products; cars and trucks; and <a href="Apparel" title="apparel">apparel</a>. Also, Alabama produces <a href="Aerospace" title="aerospace">aerospace</a> and <a href="Electronics" title="electronics">electronic</a> products, mostly in the <a href="Huntsville%2C_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a> area, which is home of the <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="George_C._Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="George C. Marshall Space Flight Center">George C. Marshall Space Flight Center</a> and the <a href="United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Command" title="United States Army Aviation and Missile Command">US Army Aviation and Missile Command</a>, headquartered at <a href="Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a>.</p>
<p>Alabama is also home to the largest industrial growth corridor in the nation, including the surrounding states of Tennessee, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia. Most of this growth is due to Alabama's rapidly expanding automotive manufacturing industry. In Alabama alone since 1993, it has generated more than 67,800 new jobs. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation in automobile output.<sup id="_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#_note-51" title="">[51]</a></sup> </p>
<p>In the 1970s and 1980s, Birmingham's economy was transformed by investments in bio-technology and medical research at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and its adjacent hospital. The UAB Hospital is a Level I trauma center providing health care and breakthrough medical research. UAB is now the area's largest employer and the largest in Alabama with a workforce of about 20,000. Health care services provider HealthSouth is also headquartered in the city.</p>
<p>Birmingham is also a leading banking center, serving as home Regions Financial Corporation. Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Madrid-based BBVA in September 2007; the headquarters of the new BBVA Compass Bank remains in Birmingham. SouthTrust, another large bank headquartered in Birmingham, was acquired by Wachovia in 2004. The city still has major operations as one of the regional headquarters of Wachovia. In November 2006, Regions Financial merged with AmSouth Bancorporation, which was also headquartered in Birmingham. They formed the 8th Largest U. S. Bank (by total assets). Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Magic City, such as Superior Bank and New South Federal Savings Bank.</p>
<p>Telecommunications provider AT&amp;T, formerly BellSouth, has a major presence with several large offices in the metropolitan area. Major insurance providers: Protective Life, Infinity Property &amp; Casualty and ProAssurance among others, are headquartered in Birmingham and employ a large number of people in Greater Birmingham. The city is also a powerhouse of construction and engineering companies, including BE&amp;K and B. L. Harbert International which routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design and international construction firms.</p>
<p>Huntsville is regarded for its high-technology driven economy and is known as the "Rocket City" due to NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the Redstone Arsenal. Huntsville's main economic influence is derived from aerospace and military technology. Redstone Arsenal, Cummings Research Park (CRP), The University of Alabama in Huntsville and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center comprise the main hubs for the area's technology-driven economy. CRP is the second largest research park in the United States and the fourth largest in the world, and is over 38 years old. Huntsville is also home for commercial technology companies such as the network access company ADTRAN, computer graphics company Intergraph and design and manufacturer of IT infrastructure Avocent. Telecommunications provider Deltacom, Inc. and copper tube manufacturer and distributor Wolverine Tube are also based in Huntsville. Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of their Huntsville plant. Sanmina-SCI also has a large presence in the area. Forty-two Fortune 500 companies have operations in Huntsville.  In 2005, Forbes Magazine named the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area as 6th best place in the nation for doing business, and number one in terms of the number of engineers per total employment.</p>
<p>The city of <a href="Mobile%2C_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a busy seaport on the <a href="Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> with inland waterway access to the <a href="Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> via the <a href="Tennessee-Tombigbee_Waterway" title="Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway</a>.  The <a href="Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a> is the 10th largest by tonnage in the United States.<sup id="_ref-ports1_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ports1" title="">[52]</a></sup>  In May 2007, a site north of <a href="Mobile%2C_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> was selected by German steelmaker <a href="ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a> for a $3.7 billion steel production plant, with the promise of 2,700 permanent jobs.<sup id="_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#_note-53" title="">[53]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Taxes" name="Taxes"/><h2>Taxes</h2>
<p>Alabama's tax structure is one the most <a href="Regressive_tax" title="regressive tax">regressive</a> in the United States.<sup id="_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#_note-54" title="">[54]</a></sup> Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5 percent personal income tax, depending upon the amount earned and filing status, though taxpayers can deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax.</p>
<p>The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.<sup id="_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#_note-55" title="">[55]</a></sup> The collection rate could be substantially higher, depending upon additional city and county sales taxes. For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 9% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means that a diner in Mobile would pay a 10% tax on a meal. Sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51 percent of all state and local revenue, compared with an average of about 36 percent nationwide. Alabama is also one of the few remaining states that levies a tax on food and medicine. Alabama's income tax on poor working families is among the nation's very highest. Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600, which is barely one-quarter of the federal poverty line. Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes.</p>
<p>The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.<sup id="_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#_note-56" title="">[56]</a></sup>  Property taxes are the lowest in the United States. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes. One of its amendments lowered the percentage of fair-market value at which property was taxed and another declared that timber and farmland would be taxed on the value of its current use instead of what the land is worth.{{Citation needed}}</p>
<p>Since Alabama's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending, it is subject to high variable budget structure. For example, in 2003 Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million. It is one of only a few states to accomplish large surpluses, with a budget surplus of nearly $1.2 billion in 2007, and estimated at more than $2.1 billion for 2008.{{Citation needed}} However, the declining national economy in 2008 has eliminated that surplus and the state is again facing shortfall, with the governor declaring "proration," which will result in an immeditate education budget cut and school layoffs.</p>
<a id="Transportation" name="Transportation"/><h2>Transportation</h2>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Alabama.JPG" title="Alabama state welcome sign."><img src="Alabama.JPG" alt="Alabama state welcome sign." title="Alabama state welcome sign." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Alabama state welcome sign.</div></p>
<p>Alabama has five major interstate roads that cross it: <a href="I-65" title="I-65">I-65</a> runs north–south roughly through the middle of the state; I-59/I-20 travels from the central west border to Birmingham, where <a href="I-59" title="I-59">I-59</a> continues to the north-east corner of the state and <a href="I-20" title="I-20">I-20</a> continues east towards Atlanta; <a href="I-85" title="I-85">I-85</a> originates in Montgomery and runs east-northeast to the Georgia border, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and <a href="Interstate_10_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 10 in Alabama">I-10</a> traverses the southernmost portion of the state, running from west to east through Mobile. Another interstate road, <a href="I-22" title="I-22">I-22</a>, is currently under construction. When completed around 2012 it will connect Birmingham with <a href="Memphis%2C_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>.  Several US Highways also pass through the state, such as <a href="U.S._Route_11" title="U.S. Route 11">US 11</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_29" title="U.S. Route 29">US 29</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_31" title="U.S. Route 31">US 31</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_43" title="U.S. Route 43">US 43</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_72" title="U.S. Route 72">US 72</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_78" title="U.S. Route 78">US 78</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_80" title="U.S. Route 80">US 80</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_82" title="U.S. Route 82">US 82</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_84" title="U.S. Route 84">US 84</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_98" title="U.S. Route 98">US 98</a>, <a href="U.S._Route_231" title="U.S. Route 231">US 231</a>, and <a href="U.S._Route_280" title="U.S. Route 280">US 280</a>.</p>
<p>Major airports in Alabama include <a href="Birmingham-Shuttlesworth_International_Airport" title="Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport">Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport</a> (BHM), <a href="Huntsville_International_Airport" title="Huntsville International Airport">Huntsville International Airport</a> (HSV), <a href="Dothan_Regional_Airport" title="Dothan Regional Airport">Dothan Regional Airport</a> (DHN), <a href="Mobile_Regional_Airport" title="Mobile Regional Airport">Mobile Regional Airport</a> (MOB), <a href="Montgomery_Regional_Airport" title="Montgomery Regional Airport">Montgomery Regional Airport</a> (MGM), <a href="Northwest_Alabama_Regional_Airport" title="Northwest Alabama Regional Airport">Muscle Shoals – Northwest Alabama Regional Airport</a> (MSL), <a href="Tuscaloosa_Regional_Airport" title="Tuscaloosa Regional Airport">Tuscaloosa Regional Airport</a> (TCL), and <a href="Pryor_Field_Regional_Airport" title="Pryor Field Regional Airport">Pryor Field Regional Airport</a> (DCU). For rail transport, <a href="Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> schedules the Crescent, a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with stops at Anniston, Birmingham, and Tuscaloosa. </p>
<a id="Water_ports" name="Water_ports"/><h3>Water ports</h3>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg" title="Aerial view of the port of Mobile"><img src="Mobile_Alabama_harbor_aerial_view.jpg" alt="Aerial view of the port of Mobile" title="Aerial view of the port of Mobile" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Aerial view of the port of Mobile</div></p>
<p><i>Listed from north to south</i></p>

<div style="page-break-inside: avoid;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<caption align="bottom"/>
<tr>
<th style="background:#fcc;"><b>Port name</b></th>
<th style="background:#fcc;"><b>Location</b></th>
<th style="background:#fcc;"><b>Connected to</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Port of <a href="Florence%2C_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence</a> </td>
<td><i><a href="Florence%2C_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence</a>/<a href="Muscle_Shoals%2C_Alabama" title="Muscle Shoals, Alabama">Muscle Shoals</a></i>, on <i><a href="Pickwick_Lake_(Alabama)" title="Pickwick Lake (Alabama)">Pickwick Lake</a></i></td>
<td><a href="Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Port of <a href="Decatur%2C_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a> </td>
<td><i><a href="Decatur%2C_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></i>, on <i><a href="Wheeler_Lake" title="Wheeler Lake">Wheeler Lake</a></i></td>
<td><a href="Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Port of <a href="Guntersville%2C_Alabama" title="Guntersville, Alabama">Guntersville</a> </td>
<td><i><a href="Guntersville%2C_Alabama" title="Guntersville, Alabama">Guntersville</a></i>, on <i><a href="Lake_Guntersville" title="Lake Guntersville">Lake Guntersville</a></i></td>
<td><a href="Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Port of <a href="Birmingham%2C_AL" title="Birmingham, AL">Birmingham</a> </td>
<td><i><a href="Birmingham%2C_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></i>, on <i><a href="Black_Warrior_River" title="Black Warrior River">Black Warrior River</a></i> </td>
<td><a href="Tenn-Tom_Waterway" title="Tenn-Tom Waterway">Tenn-Tom Waterway</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Port of <a href="Tuscaloosa%2C_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> </td>
<td><i><a href="Tuscaloosa%2C_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></i>, on <i><a href="Black_Warrior_River" title="Black Warrior River">Black Warrior River</a></i></td>
<td><a href="Tenn-Tom_Waterway" title="Tenn-Tom Waterway">Tenn-Tom Waterway</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Port of <a href="Montgomery%2C_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a> </td>
<td><i><a href="Montgomery%2C_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></i>, on <i><a href="R.E.%22Bob%22_Woodruff_Lake" title="R.E.&quot;Bob&quot; Woodruff Lake">Woodruff Lake</a></i> </td>
<td><a href="Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama River</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Port_of_Mobile" title="Port of Mobile">Port of Mobile</a> </td>
<td><i><a href="Mobile%2C_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></i>, on <i><a href="Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></i> </td>
<td><a href="Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></td></tr></table></div>

<a id="Law_and_government" name="Law_and_government"/><h2>Law and government</h2>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Alabama_state_capitol%2C_Montgomery.jpg" title="The State Capitol, built in 1850"><img src="Alabama_state_capitol%2C_Montgomery.jpg" alt="The State Capitol, built in 1850" title="The State Capitol, built in 1850" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">The State Capitol, built in 1850</div></p>
<a id="State_government" name="State_government"/><h3>State government</h3>
<p>{{Main}}</p>
<p>The foundational document for Alabama's government is the <a href="Alabama_Constitution" title="Alabama Constitution">Alabama Constitution</a>, which was ratified in 1901. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the <a href="U.S._Constitution" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>.<sup id="_ref-Washington_Post_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Washington_Post" title="">[57]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Constitution_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Constitution" title="">[58]</a></sup>  There is a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution.<sup id="_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#_note-59" title="">[59]</a></sup> This movement is based upon the fact that Alabama's constitution highly centralizes power in Montgomery and leaves practically no power in local hands. Any policy changes proposed around the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length were intentional to codify segregation and racism.</p>
<p>Alabama is divided into three equal branches:
The <a href="Legislative_branch" title="legislative branch">legislative branch</a> is the <a href="Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a>, a <a href="Bicameral" title="bicameral">bicameral</a> assembly composed of the <a href="Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">Alabama House of Representatives</a>, with 105 members, and the <a href="Alabama_Senate" title="Alabama Senate">Alabama Senate</a>, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. </p>
<p>The <a href="Executive_branch" title="executive branch">executive branch</a> is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the <a href="Governor_of_Alabama" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a>. Other members of executive branch include the cabinet, the <a href="Attorney_General_of_Alabama" title="Attorney General of Alabama">Attorney General of Alabama</a>, the <a href="Alabama_Secretary_of_State" title="Alabama Secretary of State">Alabama Secretary of State</a>, the <a href="Alabama_Commissioner_of_Agriculture_and_Industries" title="Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries">Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries</a>, the <a href="Alabama_State_Treasurer" title="Alabama State Treasurer">Alabama State Treasurer</a>, and the <a href="Alabama_State_Auditor" title="Alabama State Auditor">Alabama State Auditor</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="Judicial_branch" title="judicial branch">judicial branch</a> is responsible for interpreting the <a href="Alabama_Constitution" title="Alabama Constitution">Constitution</a> and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The highest court is the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Supreme Court of Alabama</a>.</p>
<a id="Local_and_county_government" name="Local_and_county_government"/><h3>Local and county government</h3>
<p>Alabama has 67 <a href="County_(United_States)" title="county (United States)">counties</a>. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the County Commission, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Due to the restraints placed in the <a href="Alabama_Constitution" title="Alabama Constitution">Alabama Constitution</a>, all but seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no <a href="Home_rule" title="home rule">home rule</a>. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="List_of_Alabama_county_seats" title="List of Alabama county seats">List of Alabama county seats</a></li></ul>

<p>Alabama is an <a href="Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="alcoholic beverage control state">alcoholic beverage control state</a>; the government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. However, counties can declare themselves "dry"; the state does not sell alcohol in those areas.</p>
<a id="State_politics" name="State_politics"/><h3>State politics</h3>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Bob_Riley_greeting_soldiers_in_Birmingham%2C_19_Jan%2C_2004.jpg" title="Alabama Governor Bob Riley in 2004"><img src="Bob_Riley_greeting_soldiers_in_Birmingham%2C_19_Jan%2C_2004.jpg" alt="Alabama Governor Bob Riley in 2004" title="Alabama Governor Bob Riley in 2004" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Alabama Governor Bob Riley in 2004</div></p>
<p>The current <a href="Governor_of_Alabama" title="Governor of Alabama">governor</a> of the state is <a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="Bob_Riley_(Alabama)" title="Bob Riley (Alabama)">Bob Riley</a>. The <a href="List_of_Lieutenant_Governors_of_Alabama" title="List of Lieutenant Governors of Alabama">lieutenant governor</a> is <a href="Jim_Folsom_Jr" title="Jim Folsom Jr">Jim Folsom Jr</a>. The Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Democrat <a href="Sue_Bell_Cobb" title="Sue Bell Cobb">Sue Bell Cobb</a>. The <a href="United_States_Democratic_Party" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> currently holds a large majority in both houses of the <a href="Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Legislature</a>. Due to the Legislature's power to override a gubernatorial <a href="Veto" title="veto">veto</a> by a mere simple majority (most state Legislatures require a 2/3 majority to override a veto), the relationship between the executive and legislative branches can be easily strained when different parties control the branches.</p>
<p>During <a href="Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> following the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the <a href="Third_Military_District" title="Third Military District">Third Military District</a> under <a href="John_Pope_(military_officer)" title="John Pope (military officer)">General John Pope</a>. In 1874, the political coalition known as the <a href="Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a> took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the African American vote.</p>
<p>After 1890, a coalition of whites passed laws to <a href="Racial_segregation" title="racial segregation">segregate</a> and disenfranchise black residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which disfranchised African Americans also disfranchised poor whites, however. By 1941 more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000, although the impact was greater on the African-American community, as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised.</p>
<p>From 1901 to the 1960s, the state legislature failed to perform redistricting as population grew and shifted within the state. The result was a rural minority that dominated state politics until a series of court cases required redistricting in 1972. </p>
<p>With the disfranchisement of African Americans, the state became part of the "<a href="Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>", a one-party system in which the <a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party <a href="Primary_election" title="primary election">primary</a>, with generally only token <a href="United_States_Republican_Party" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> challengers running in the General Election. </p>
<p>In the 1986 Democratic primary election, the then-incumbent Lieutenant Governor, <a href="Bill_Baxley" title="Bill Baxley">Bill Baxley</a>, lost the Democratic nomination for Governor in a scandal where Republicans were permitted to cast votes for his opponent, then Attorney General <a href="Charlie_Graddick" title="Charlie Graddick">Charlie Graddick</a>. The state Democratic party invalidated the election and placed the Baxley's name on the ballot as the Democratic candidate instead of the candidate chosen in the primary. The voters of the state revolted at what they perceived as disenfranchisement of their right to vote and elected the Republican challenger <a href="Guy_Hunt" title="Guy Hunt">Guy Hunt</a> as Governor. This was the first Republican Governor elected in Alabama since Reconstruction. Since then, Republicans have become increasingly competitive in Alabama politics. They currently control <a href="111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">both seats</a> in the U.S. Senate, four out of the state's <a href="111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">seven congressional seats</a>.  Republicans hold an 8-1 majority on the <a href="Alabama_Supreme_Court" title="Alabama Supreme Court">Alabama Supreme Court</a><sup id="_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#_note-60" title="">[60]</a></sup> and have a 5-2 majority among <a href="Political_party_strength_in_Alabama" title="Political party strength in Alabama">statewide elected executive</a> branch offices.</p>
<p>However, Democrats currently hold all three seats on the Alabama Public Service Commission<sup id="_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#_note-61" title="">[61]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#_note-62" title="">[62]</a></sup> and they maintain control of both houses of the legislature, holding approximately 59.4% of seats in the <a href="Alabama_Senate" title="Alabama Senate">Alabama Senate</a> and 58.7% of seats in the <a href="Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">Alabama House of Representatives</a>. A majority of local offices in the state are still held by Democrats. Generally speaking, local elections in rural counties are decided in the Democratic Primary and local elections in metropolitan counties are decided in the Republican Primary although there are exceptions to this rule.<sup id="_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#_note-63" title="">[63]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#_note-64" title="">[64]</a></sup> Only one Republican Lt. Governor has been elected since Reconstruction, <a href="Steve_Windom" title="Steve Windom">Steve Windom</a>. Windom served as <a href="List_of_Lieutenant_Governors_of_Alabama" title="List of Lieutenant Governors of Alabama">Lt. Governor</a> under Democratic Gov. <a href="Don_Siegelman" title="Don Siegelman">Don Siegelman</a>.  The last time that Alabama had a governor and Lt. governor of the same party was the period between 1983-1987 when Wallace was serving his fourth term as governor and <a href="Bill_Baxley" title="Bill Baxley">Bill Baxley</a> was serving as Lt. Governor, both were Democrats.</p>
<p>An overwhelming majority of sheriff's offices in Alabama are in <a href="Democratic" title="Democratic">Democratic</a> hands. However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over more rural and less populated counties and the majority of Republicans preside over more urban/suburban and more populated counties.<sup id="_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#_note-65" title="">[65]</a></sup> Only three Alabama counties (Tuscaloosa, Montgomery and Calhoun) with a population of over 100,000 have Democratic sheriffs and only five <a href="Counties_of_Alabama" title="Counties of Alabama">Alabama counties</a> with a population of under 75,000 have Republican sheriffs (Autauga, Coffee, Dale, Coosa, and Blount).<sup id="_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#_note-66" title="">[66]</a></sup></p>
<p>Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the <a href="African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)">American Civil Rights Movement</a>, when majority whites bureaucratically, and at times, violently resisted protests for electoral and social reform. <a href="George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, the state's governor, remains a notorious and controversial figure. Only with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964<sup id="_ref-cra64_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-cra64" title="">[24]</a></sup> and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain suffrage and other civil rights.</p>
<p>In 2007, the <a href="Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a> passed, and the Governor signed, a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the <a href="Alabama_State_Capitol" title="Alabama State Capitol">Alabama State Capitol</a>, which housed Congress of the <a href="Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.<sup id="_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#_note-67" title="">[67]</a></sup></p>
<p>{{further}}</p>
<a id="National_politics" name="National_politics"/><h3>National politics</h3>

<div style="page-break-inside: avoid;">
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right; border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;">
<caption><b>Presidential elections results</b></caption>
<tr style="background:Lightgrey;">
<th>Year</th>
<th><a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></th>
<th><a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></th>
<th>State winner</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="United_States_presidential_election%2C_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>60.32%</b> <i>1,266,546</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">38.80% 813,479</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_2004" title="U.S. presidential election, 2004">2004</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>62.46%</b> <i>1,176,394</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">36.84% 693,933</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_2000" title="U.S. presidential election, 2000">2000</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>56.47%</b> <i>944,409</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">41.59% 695,602</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1996" title="U.S. presidential election, 1996">1996</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>50.12%</b> <i>769,044</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">43.16% 662,165</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1992" title="U.S. presidential election, 1992">1992</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>47.65%</b> <i>804,283</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">40.88% 690,080</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George Bush</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1988" title="U.S. presidential election, 1988">1988</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>59.17%</b> <i>815,576</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">39.86% 549,506</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush">George Bush</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1984" title="U.S. presidential election, 1984">1984</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>60.54%</b> <i>872,849</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">38.28% 551,899</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1980" title="U.S. presidential election, 1980">1980</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>48.75%</b> <i>654,192</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">47.45% 636,730</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1976" title="U.S. presidential election, 1976">1976</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;">42.61% 504,070</td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><b>55.73%</b> <i>659,170</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1972" title="U.S. presidential election, 1972">1972</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>72.43%</b> <i>728,701</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">25.54% 256,923</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1968" title="U.S. presidential election, 1968">1968</a>*</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;">13.99% 146,923</td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">18.72% 196,579</td>
<td style="background:white;"><a href="George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> (I)</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1964" title="U.S. presidential election, 1964">1964</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><b>69.45%</b> <i>479,085</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;">30.55% 210,732</td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="U.S._presidential_election%2C_1960" title="U.S. presidential election, 1960">1960</a></td>
<td style="background:#fff3f3;">42.16% 237,981</td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><b>56.39%</b> <i>318,303</i></td>
<td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:lightgrey;">
<ul>
<li>State won by <a href="George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a><br/>of the <a href="American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a>,<br/>at 65.86%, or 691,425 votes</li></ul></td></tr></table></div>

<p>From 1876 through 1956, Alabama supported only Democratic presidential candidates, by large margins. 1960 was a curious election. The Democrats won with <a href="John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> on the ballot, but the Democratic electors from Alabama gave 6 of their 11 electoral votes as a protest to <a href="Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry Byrd</a>. In <a href="United_States_presidential_election%2C_1964" title="United States presidential election, 1964">1964</a>, Republican <a href="Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> carried the state, in part because of his opposition to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which restored the franchise for African Americans.</p>
<p>In <a href="United_States_presidential_election%2C_1968" title="United States presidential election, 1968">the 1968 presidential election</a>, Alabama supported native son and <a href="American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> candidate <a href="George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> over both <a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>. Wallace was the official <a href="Democratic" title="Democratic">Democratic</a> candidate in Alabama, while Humphrey was listed as the "National Democratic".<sup id="_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#_note-68" title="">[68]</a></sup> In <a href="United_States_presidential_election%2C_1976" title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976</a>, Democratic candidate <a href="Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> from Georgia carried the state, the region, and the nation, but Democratic control of the region slipped after that.</p>
<p>Since 1980, conservative Alabama voters have increasingly voted for Republican candidates at the Federal level, especially in Presidential elections. By contrast, Democratic candidates have been elected to many state-level offices and comprise a longstanding majority in the <a href="Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a>; see <a href="Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a>.</p>
<p>In <a href="United_States_presidential_election%2C_2004" title="United States presidential election, 2004">2004</a>, <a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> won Alabama's nine electoral votes by a margin of 25 percentage points with 62.5% of the vote, mostly white voters. The eleven counties that voted Democratic were <a href="Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a> counties, where <a href="African_American" title="African American">African Americans</a> are the majority racial group. </p>
<p>The state's two <a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senators</a> are <a href="Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jefferson B. Sessions III</a> and <a href="Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard C. Shelby</a>, both Republicans. </p>
<p>In the <a href="U.S._House_of_Representatives" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, the state is represented by seven members, four of whom are Republicans: (<a href="Jo_Bonner" title="Jo Bonner">Jo Bonner</a>, <a href="Mike_D._Rogers" title="Mike D. Rogers">Mike D. Rogers</a>, <a href="Robert_Aderholt" title="Robert Aderholt">Robert Aderholt</a>, and <a href="Spencer_Bachus" title="Spencer Bachus">Spencer Bachus</a>) and three are Democrats: (<a href="Bobby_Bright" title="Bobby Bright">Bobby Bright</a>, <a href="Parker_Griffith" title="Parker Griffith">Parker Griffith</a> and <a href="Artur_Davis" title="Artur Davis">Artur Davis</a>). 
{{further}}</p>
<a id="Health.2C_education.2C_and_policy" name="Health.2C_education.2C_and_policy"/><h2>Health, education, and policy</h2>
<a id="Primary_and_secondary_education" name="Primary_and_secondary_education"/><h3>Primary and secondary education</h3>
<p>Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the overview of the <a href="Alabama_State_Board_of_Education" title="Alabama State Board of Education">Alabama State Board of Education</a> as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 individual schools provide education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.<sup id="_ref-qfacts_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-qfacts" title="">[69]</a></sup></p>
<p>Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.<sup id="_ref-qfacts_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-qfacts" title="">[69]</a></sup> In 2007, over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama. In 2004, only 23 percent of schools met AYP.<sup id="_ref-AYP_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-AYP" title="">[70]</a></sup></p>
<p>However, while Alabama's public education system has improved, it still lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data, Alabama's high school graduation rate – 75% – is the second lowest in the United States (after Mississippi).<sup id="_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#_note-71" title="">[71]</a></sup>  The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.<sup id="_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#_note-72" title="">[72]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Colleges_and_universities" name="Colleges_and_universities"/><h3>Colleges and universities</h3>
<p>{{Main}}
<div style="width:220px;"><a class="internal" href="Image:220px-Harrison-plaza2.jpg" title="Harrison Plaza at the University of North Alabama in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830."><img src="220px-Harrison-plaza2.jpg" alt="Harrison Plaza at the University of North Alabama in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830." title="Harrison Plaza at the University of North Alabama in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830." class="location-right type-thumb" width="220"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Harrison Plaza at the <a href="University_of_North_Alabama" title="University of North Alabama">University of North Alabama</a> in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the <a href="Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a> in 1830.</div></div>
</p>
<p>Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, numerous two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to 16 doctoral level programs.<sup id="_ref-ache_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ache" title="">[73]</a></sup></p>
<p>Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges as well as a plethora of subject focused national and international accreditation agencies.<sup id="_ref-ache2_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ache2" title="">[74]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Professional_sports_teams" name="Professional_sports_teams"/><h2>Professional sports teams</h2>
<p>{{Main}}</p>

<div style="page-break-inside: avoid;">
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>Club</th>
<th>Sport</th>
<th>League</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Birmingham_Barons" title="Birmingham Barons">Birmingham Barons</a></td>
<td><a href="Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></td>
<td><a href="Southern_League_(baseball)" title="Southern League (baseball)">Southern League</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Huntsville_Stars" title="Huntsville Stars">Huntsville Stars</a></td>
<td>Baseball</td>
<td>Southern League</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Mobile_BayBears" title="Mobile BayBears">Mobile BayBears</a></td>
<td>Baseball</td>
<td>Southern League</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Montgomery_Biscuits" title="Montgomery Biscuits">Montgomery Biscuits</a></td>
<td>Baseball</td>
<td>Southern League</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Huntsville_Havoc" title="Huntsville Havoc">Huntsville Havoc</a></td>
<td><a href="Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></td>
<td><a href="Southern_Professional_Hockey_League" title="Southern Professional Hockey League">Southern Professional Hockey League</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Alabama_Renegades" title="Alabama Renegades">Alabama Renegades</a> (Huntsville)</td>
<td><a href="American_football" title="American football">Football</a></td>
<td><a href="National_Women's_Football_Association" title="National Women's Football Association">National Women's Football Association</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Tennessee_Valley_Vipers" title="Tennessee Valley Vipers">Tennessee Valley Vipers</a> (Huntsville)</td>
<td><a href="Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a></td>
<td><a href="Af2" title="af2">af2</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rocket_City_United" title="Rocket City United">Rocket City United</a> (Huntsville)</td>
<td><a href="Soccer" title="Soccer">Soccer</a></td>
<td><a href="National_Premier_Soccer_League" title="National Premier Soccer League">National Premier Soccer League</a></td></tr></table></div>

<a id="Notable_Alabamians" name="Notable_Alabamians"/><h2>Notable Alabamians</h2>
<p>{{Main}}</p>
<p>Famous people from Alabama include <a href="Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a>, <a href="Tommie_Agee" title="Tommie Agee">Tommie Agee</a>, <a href="Tallulah_Bankhead" title="Tallulah Bankhead">Tallulah Bankhead</a>, <a href="William_Brockman_Bankhead" title="William Brockman Bankhead">William Brockman Bankhead</a>, <a href="Jay_Barker" title="Jay Barker">Jay Barker</a>, <a href="Charles_Barkley" title="Charles Barkley">Charles Barkley</a>, <a href="Regina_Benjamin" title="Regina Benjamin">Regina Benjamin</a>, <a href="Hugo_L._Black" title="Hugo L. Black">Hugo L. Black</a>, <a href="Frank_Bolling" title="Frank Bolling">Frank Bolling</a>, <a href="Paul_W._(Bear)_Bryant" title="Paul W. (Bear) Bryant">Paul W. (Bear) Bryant</a>, <a href="Jimmy_Buffett" title="Jimmy Buffett">Jimmy Buffett</a>, Bo Bice, <a href="George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a>, <a href="Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a>, <a href="Jerricho_Cotchery" title="Jerricho Cotchery">Jerricho Cotchery</a>, <a href="Courteney_Cox_Arquette" title="Courteney Cox Arquette">Courteney Cox Arquette</a>, <a href="Robert_Gibbs" title="Robert Gibbs">Robert Gibbs</a>, <a href="Mitch_Holleman" title="Mitch Holleman">Mitch Holleman</a>, <a href="Zelda_Fitzgerald" title="Zelda Fitzgerald">Zelda Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="Charles_Ghigna" title="Charles Ghigna">Charles Ghigna</a>, <a href="Winston_Groom" title="Winston Groom">Winston Groom</a>, <a href="William_C._Handy" title="William C. Handy">William C. Handy</a>, <a href="Taylor_Hicks" title="Taylor Hicks">Taylor Hicks</a>, <a href="Bo_Jackson" title="Bo Jackson">Bo Jackson</a>, <a href="Kate_Jackson" title="Kate Jackson">Kate Jackson</a>, <a href="Jamey_Johnson" title="Jamey Johnson">Jamey Johnson</a>, <a href="Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a>, <a href="Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>, <a href="William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a>, <a href="Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a>, <a href="Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a>, <a href="William_March" title="William March">William March</a>, <a href="Willie_Mays" title="Willie Mays">Willie Mays</a>, <a href="Willie_McCovey" title="Willie McCovey">Willie McCovey</a>,<sup id="_ref-McCovey_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-McCovey" title="">[75]</a></sup> <a href="Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a>, <a href="John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">John Hunt Morgan</a>, <a href="Jim_Nabors" title="Jim Nabors">Jim Nabors</a>, <a href="Randy_Owen" title="Randy Owen">Randy Owen</a>, <a href="Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a>, <a href="Terrell_Owens" title="Terrell Owens">Terrell Owens</a>,<a href="Satchel_Paige" title="Satchel Paige">Satchel Paige</a>, <a href="Jake_Peavy" title="Jake Peavy">Jake Peavy</a>, <a href="Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a>, <a href="Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a>, <a href="Wilson_Pickett" title="Wilson Pickett">Wilson Pickett</a>, <a href="Howell_Raines" title="Howell Raines">Howell Raines</a>, <a href="Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, <a href="Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a>, <a href="Rich_Boy" title="Rich Boy">Rich Boy</a>, <a href="Philip_Rivers" title="Philip Rivers">Philip Rivers</a>, <a href="JaMarcus_Russell" title="JaMarcus Russell">JaMarcus Russell</a>, <a href="Kenny_Stabler" title="Kenny Stabler">Kenny Stabler</a>, <a href="Ozzie_Smith" title="Ozzie Smith">Ozzie Smith</a>, <a href="John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a>, <a href="Bart_Starr" title="Bart Starr">Bart Starr</a>, <a href="Ruben_Studdard" title="Ruben Studdard">Ruben Studdard</a>, <a href="Channing_Tatum" title="Channing Tatum">Channing Tatum</a>, <a href="Oscar_W._Underwood" title="Oscar W. Underwood">Oscar W. Underwood</a>, <a href="George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, <a href="Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a>, <a href="Billy_Williams_(baseball)" title="Billy Williams (baseball)">Billy Williams</a>, and <a href="Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>.<sup id="_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#_note-76" title="">[76]</a></sup> </p>
<a id="See_also" name="See_also"/><h2>See also</h2>
<p>{{Main}}</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="Index_of_Alabama-related_articles" title="Index of Alabama-related articles">Index of Alabama-related articles</a></li></ul>

<a id="Cultural_sites" name="Cultural_sites"/><h3>Cultural sites</h3>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Old_State_Bank_building_Decatur.jpg" title="The Old State Bank in Decatur"><img src="Old_State_Bank_building_Decatur.jpg" alt="The Old State Bank in Decatur" title="The Old State Bank in Decatur" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="State_Bank_Building%2C_Decatur_Branch_(Old_State_Bank)" title="State Bank Building, Decatur Branch (Old State Bank)">Old State Bank</a> in <a href="Decatur%2C_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></div></p>

<ul>
<li><a href="Alabama_Shakespeare_Festival" title="Alabama Shakespeare Festival">Alabama Shakespeare Festival</a></li>
<li><a href="Alabama_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Alabama Symphony Orchestra">Alabama Symphony Orchestra</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Alabama_Theatre" title="The Alabama Theatre">The Alabama Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="Birmingham_Astronomical_Society" title="Birmingham Astronomical Society">Birmingham Astronomical Society</a></li>
<li><a href="Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a></li>
<li><a href="State_Bank_Building%2C_Decatur_Branch_(Old_State_Bank)" title="State Bank Building, Decatur Branch (Old State Bank)">Old State Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="St._Stephens%2C_Alabama" title="St. Stephens, Alabama">Old St. Stephens</a></li>
<li><a href="Rhea-McEntire_House" title="Rhea-McEntire House">Rhea-McEntire House</a></li>
<li><a href="USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">USS Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space &amp; Rocket Center">U.S. Space &amp; Rocket Center</a>/<a href="U.S._Space_Camp" title="U.S. Space Camp">U.S. Space Camp</a>, Huntsville</li>
<li><a href="Vulcan_Park" title="Vulcan Park">Vulcan Park</a>, Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Mobile" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mobile">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mobile</a></li>
<li><a href="Christ_Church_Cathedral_(Mobile%2C_Alabama)" title="Christ Church Cathedral (Mobile, Alabama)">Christ Church Cathedral</a>, Mobile</li>
<li><a href="Scottish_Rite_Temple_(Mobile%2C_Alabama)" title="Scottish Rite Temple (Mobile, Alabama)">The Temple</a>, Mobile</li></ul>

<a id="Events" name="Events"/><h3>Events</h3>

<ul>
<li><a href="Alabama_Jubilee_Hot_Air_Balloon_Classic" title="Alabama Jubilee Hot Air Balloon Classic">Alabama Jubilee Hot Air Balloon Classic</a></li>
<li><a href="Alabama_Sports_Festival" title="Alabama Sports Festival">Alabama Sports Festival</a></li>
<li><a href="Bayfest_(Mobile)" title="Bayfest (Mobile)">Bayfest</a>, Mobile's Music Festival</li>
<li><a href="Big_Spring_Jam" title="Big Spring Jam">Big Spring Jam</a></li>
<li><a href="GMAC_Bowl" title="GMAC Bowl">GMAC Bowl</a></li>
<li><a href="Jubilee_City_Fest" title="Jubilee City Fest">Jubilee City Fest</a>, Montgomery</li>
<li><a href="Mule_Day" title="Mule Day">Mule Day</a>, Winfield</li>
<li><a href="Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile">Mardi Gras</a>, Mobile</li>
<li><a href="Mobile_Bay_Jubilee" title="Mobile Bay Jubilee">Mobile Bay Jubilee</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Peanut_Festival" title="National Peanut Festival">National Peanut Festival</a></li>
<li><a href="Navistar_LPGA_Classic" title="Navistar LPGA Classic">Navistar LPGA Classic</a>, Prattville</li>
<li><a href="Papajohns.com_Bowl" title="Papajohns.com Bowl">Papajohns.com Bowl</a> (formerly the Birmingham Bowl)</li>
<li><a href="Regions_Charity_Classic" title="Regions Charity Classic">Regions Charity Classic</a> (formerly the Bruno's Memorial Classic)</li>
<li><a href="Senior_Bowl" title="Senior Bowl">Senior Bowl</a>, Mobile</li>
<li><a href="Sidewalk_Moving_Picture_Festival" title="Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival">Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival</a></li>
<li><a href="Spirit_of_America_Festival" title="Spirit of America Festival">Spirit of America Festival</a></li>
<li><a href="Magic_City_Brewfest" title="Magic City Brewfest">Magic City Brewfest</a>, Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="Rocket_City_Brewfest" title="Rocket City Brewfest">Rocket City Brewfest</a>, Huntsville</li></ul>

<a id="Venues" name="Venues"/><h3>Venues</h3>

<ul>
<li><a href="Alys_Robinson_Stephens_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Alys Robinson Stephens Performing Arts Center">Alys Robinson Stephens Performing Arts Center</a> (home of the Alabama Symphony Orchestra), Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="American_Village" title="American Village">American Village</a>, Montevallo</li>
<li><a href="Bartow_Arena" title="Bartow Arena">Bartow Arena</a>, Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="Birmingham_Jefferson_Convention_Complex" title="Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex">Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex</a>, Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="Braly_Municipal_Stadium" title="Braly Municipal Stadium">Braly Municipal Stadium</a> (host of the <a href="NCAA_Division_II_National_Football_Championship" title="NCAA Division II National Football Championship">NCAA Division II National Football Championship</a>), Florence</li>
<li><a href="Bryant-Denny_Stadium" title="Bryant-Denny Stadium">Bryant-Denny Stadium</a>, Tuscaloosa</li>
<li><a href="Celebration_Arena" title="Celebration Arena">Celebration Arena</a>, Priceville</li>
<li><a href="Daphne_Civic_Center" title="Daphne Civic Center">Daphne Civic Center</a>, Daphne</li>
<li><a href="Fair_Park_Arena" title="Fair Park Arena">Fair Park Arena</a>, Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="Hank_Aaron_Stadium" title="Hank Aaron Stadium">Hank Aaron Stadium</a>, Mobile</li>
<li><a href="Joe_W._Davis_Stadium" title="Joe W. Davis Stadium">Joe W. Davis Stadium</a>, Huntsville</li>
<li><a href="Jordan-Hare_Stadium" title="Jordan-Hare Stadium">Jordan-Hare Stadium</a>, Auburn</li>
<li><a href="Ladd_Peebles_Stadium" title="Ladd Peebles Stadium">Ladd Peebles Stadium</a>, Mobile</li>
<li><a href="Legion_Field" title="Legion Field">Legion Field</a>, Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="McWane_Science_Center" title="McWane Science Center">McWane Science Center</a>, Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="Mitchell_Center" title="Mitchell Center">Mitchell Center</a>, Mobile</li>
<li><a href="Mobile_Civic_Center" title="Mobile Civic Center">Mobile Civic Center</a>, Mobile</li>
<li><a href="Montgomery_Riverwalk_Stadium" title="Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium">Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium</a>, Montgomery</li>
<li><a href="Movie_Gallery_Stadium" title="Movie Gallery Stadium">Movie Gallery Veterans Stadium</a>, Troy</li>
<li><a href="Paul_Snow_Stadium" title="Paul Snow Stadium">Paul Snow Stadium</a>, Jacksonville</li>
<li><a href="Point_Mallard_Aquatic_Center" title="Point Mallard Aquatic Center">Point Mallard Aquatic Center</a>, Decatur</li>
<li><a href="Regions_Park" title="Regions Park">Regions Park</a>, Hoover</li>
<li><a href="Rickwood_Field" title="Rickwood Field">Rickwood Field</a>, Birmingham</li>
<li><a href="Robert_Trent_Jones_Golf_Trail" title="Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail">Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="Talladega_Superspeedway" title="Talladega Superspeedway">Talladega Superspeedway</a> and <a href="The_International_Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame_%26_Museum" title="The International Motorsports Hall of Fame &amp; Museum">The International Motorsports Hall of Fame &amp; Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="Von_Braun_Center" title="Von Braun Center">Von Braun Center</a>, Huntsville</li></ul>

<a id="References" name="References"/><h2>References</h2>
<p>{{reflist}}</p>
<a id="Further_reading" name="Further_reading"/><h2>Further reading</h2>

<dl>
<dd><i>For a detailed bibliography, see the <a href="History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">History of Alabama</a>.</i></dd></dl>
<ul>
<li>Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. <i>Alabama: The History of a Deep South State</i> (1994)</li>
<li>Flynt, Wayne. <i>Alabama in the Twentieth Century</i> (2004)</li>
<li>Owen Thomas M. <i>History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography</i> 4 vols. 1921.</li>
<li>Jackson, Harvey H. <i>Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State</i> (2004)</li>
<li>Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" <i>Alabama Review</i> 2002 55(4): 243-274. ISSN 0002-4341</li>
<li>Peirce, Neal R. <i>The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States</i> (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960–72.</li>
<li>Williams, Benjamin Buford. <i>A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century</i> 1979.</li>
<li>WPA. <i>Guide to Alabama</i> (1939)</li></ul>

<a id="External_links" name="External_links"/><h2>External links</h2>
<p>{{sisterlinks}}
</p>
<ul>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://alabama.gov/" rel="nofollow" title="http://alabama.gov/">Alabama.gov</a> – Official website.</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/alabama/index.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/alabama/index.html">Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Alabama" rel="nofollow" title="http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Alabama">Alabama State Databases</a> - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Alabama state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.alarc.org/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.alarc.org/">Alabama Association of Regional Councils</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=AL" rel="nofollow" title="http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=AL">Energy Data &amp; Statistics for Alabama- From the U.S. Department of Energy</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.touralabama.org/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.touralabama.org/">TourAlabama.org</a> – Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/aaa.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.archives.state.al.us/aaa.html">All About Alabama</a>, at the Alabama Department of Archives and History site</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.alabamamosaic.org/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.alabamamosaic.org/">AlabamaMosaic</a>, a digital repository of materials on Alabama's history, culture, places, and people</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975/coatoc.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975/coatoc.htm">Code of Alabama 1975</a> – at the Alabama Legislature site</li>
<li>{{dmoz}}</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=AL" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=AL">USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html">Alabama QuickFacts</a> from the U.S. Census Bureau</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/al.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/al.htm">Alabama State Fact Sheet</a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.Alapark.com/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.Alapark.com/">Alabama State Parks</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://nps.seeamerica.org/pmgr?state=AL" rel="nofollow" title="http://nps.seeamerica.org/pmgr?state=AL">National Parks of Alabama</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Home.jsp" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Home.jsp">Encyclopedia of Alabama</a></li></ul>

<p>{{Alabama}}
{{USPoliticalDivisions}}
{{Confederate States of America}}</p>
<p>{{succession}}
{{Geographic Location}}</p>
<p>{{Coord}}
{{United States topics}}</p>

<p>



</p>
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<a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">eu:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7">fa:آلاباما</a>
<a href="http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">fo:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">fr:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">fy:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">ga:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">gv:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">gd:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">gl:Alabama</a>
<a href="Hak:%C3%82-l%C3%A2-p%C3%A2-m%C3%A2" title="hak:Â-lâ-pâ-mâ">hak:Â-lâ-pâ-mâ</a>
<a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%B0%EB%A7%88_%EC%A3%BC">ko:앨라배마 주</a>
<a href="http://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Alapama">haw:‘Alapama</a>
<a href="http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1">hy:Ալաբամա</a>
<a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE">hi:अलाबामा</a>
<a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">hr:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">io:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">ig:Alabama</a>
<a href="Bpy:%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="bpy:আলাবামা">bpy:আলাবামা</a>
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">id:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">ia:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">ik:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%C3%A6_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)">os:Алабамæ (штат)</a>
<a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">is:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">it:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94">he:אלבמה</a>
<a href="http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">jv:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE">kn:ಅಲಬಾಮ</a>
<a href="Pam:Alabama" title="pam:Alabama">pam:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)">ka:ალაბამა (შტატი)</a>
<a href="http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">kw:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">sw:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">ht:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">ku:Alabama</a>
<a href="Lad:Alabama" title="lad:Alabama">lad:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">la:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">lv:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(Bundesstaat)">lb:Alabama (Bundesstaat)</a>
<a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">lt:Alabama</a>
<a href="Lij:Alabamm-a" title="lij:Alabamm-a">lij:Alabamm-a</a>
<a href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">li:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/alybamas">jbo:alybamas</a>
<a href="Lmo:Alabama" title="lmo:Alabama">lmo:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">hu:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0">mk:Алабама</a>
<a href="http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">mg:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE">ml:അലബാമ</a>
<a href="http://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">mi:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE">mr:अलाबामा</a>
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">ms:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0">mn:Алабама</a>
<a href="http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">nah:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">nl:Alabama</a>
<a href="Nds-nl:Alabama" title="nds-nl:Alabama">nds-nl:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E5%B7%9E">ja:アラバマ州</a>
<a href="Nap:Alabama" title="nap:Alabama">nap:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">no:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">nn:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">oc:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">uz:Alabama</a>
<a href="Pnb:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="pnb:الاباما">pnb:الاباما</a>
<a href="Pms:Alabama" title="pms:Alabama">pms:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">nds:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">pl:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">pt:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(stat_SUA)">ro:Alabama (stat SUA)</a>
<a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)">ru:Алабама (штат)</a>
<a href="Sah:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="sah:Алабама">sah:Алабама</a>
<a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">sq:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">scn:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">simple:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">sk:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">sl:Alabama</a>
<a href="Szl:Alabama" title="szl:Alabama">szl:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0">sr:Алабама</a>
<a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">sh:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">fi:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">sv:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">tl:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE">ta:அலபாமா</a>
<a href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE">te:అలబామా</a>
<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2">th:รัฐแอละแบมา</a>
<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">tr:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)">uk:Алабама (штат)</a>
<a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7">ur:الاباما</a>
<a href="http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Shitati">ug:Alabama Shitati</a>
<a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">vi:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">vo:Alabama</a>
<a href="War:Alabama" title="war:Alabama">war:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90">yi:אלאבאמא</a>
<a href="http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipinle_Alabama">yo:Ipinle Alabama</a>
<a href="Diq:Alabama" title="diq:Alabama">diq:Alabama</a>
<a href="Bat-smg:Alabama" title="bat-smg:Alabama">bat-smg:Alabama</a>
<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E">zh:亚拉巴马州</a></p></text>
    </revision>
  </page>