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    <title>Anarchism</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-19T02:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jrtayloriv</username>
        <id>244936</id>
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<p>move, shorten, and correct misspelling ... but I'm really not sure it belongs in the lead anyway</p></comment>
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<b>Anarchism</b> is a <a href="Political_philosophy" title="political philosophy">political philosophy</a> encompassing <a href="Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="anarchist schools of thought">theories and attitudes</a> which consider the <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>, as compulsory <a href="Government" title="government">government</a>, to be unnecessary, harmful, and/or undesirable, and favors the <a href="Stateless_society" title="stateless society">absence of the state</a> (<a href="Anarchy" title="anarchy">anarchy</a>).<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-1" title="">[1]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-2" title="">[2]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-3" title="">[3]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#_note-4" title="">[4]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-slevin_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-slevin" title="">[5]</a></sup></p>
<p>Specific anarchists may have additional criteria for what constitutes anarchism, and they often disagree with each other on what these criteria are. According to <i><a href="The_Oxford_Companion_to_Philosophy" title="The Oxford Companion to Philosophy">The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</a></i>, "there is no single defining position that all anarchists hold, and those considered anarchists at best share a certain <a href="Family_resemblance" title="family resemblance">family resemblance</a>."<sup id="_ref-oxcom_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-oxcom" title="">[6]</a></sup></p>
<p>There are many types and traditions of anarchism, not all of which are mutually exclusive.<sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#_note-7" title="">[7]</a></sup> Different versions of anarchism have been categorized as <a href="Socialist_anarchism" title="socialist anarchism">socialist anarchism</a> and <a href="Individualist_anarchism" title="individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a> or similar dual classifications.<sup id="_ref-black_dict_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-black_dict" title="">[8]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#_note-9" title="">[9]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#_note-10" title="">[10]</a></sup> Anarchism is often considered to be a <a href="Far_left" title="far left">radical left-wing</a> ideology,<sup id="_ref-brooks_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brooks" title="">[11]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#_note-12" title="">[12]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#_note-13" title="">[13]</a></sup> and much of <a href="Anarchist_economics" title="anarchist economics">anarchist economics</a> and <a href="Anarchist_law" title="anarchist law">anarchist legal philosophy</a> reflect <a href="Anti-statism" title="anti-statism">anti-statist</a> interpretations of <a href="Anarcho-communism" title="anarcho-communism">communism</a>, <a href="Collectivist_anarchism" title="collectivist anarchism">collectivism</a>, <a href="Anarcho-syndicalism" title="anarcho-syndicalism">syndicalism</a> or <a href="Participatory_economics" title="participatory economics">participatory economics</a>; however, anarchism has for some time included an economic and legal <a href="Individualist_anarchism" title="individualist anarchism">individualist</a> strain,<sup id="_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#_note-14" title="">[14]</a></sup> with that strain supporting an <a href="Free-market_anarchism" title="free-market anarchism">anarchist free-market economy</a> and <a href="Private_property" title="private property">private property</a> (like old <a href="Anarcho-individualism" title="anarcho-individualism">anarcho-individualism</a> and today's <a href="Anarcho-capitalism" title="anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a>).<sup id="_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#_note-15" title="">[15]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#_note-16" title="">[16]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-tormey_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-tormey" title="">[17]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Others, such as <a href="Panarchism" title="Panarchism">panarchists</a> and <a href="Anarchists_without_adjectives" title="anarchists without adjectives">anarchists without adjectives</a>, neither advocate nor object to any particular form of organization as long as it is not compulsory. Some <a href="Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="anarchist schools of thought">anarchist schools of thought</a> differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme <a href="Individualism" title="individualism">individualism</a> to complete <a href="Collectivism" title="collectivism">collectivism</a>.<sup id="_ref-slevin_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-slevin" title="">[5]</a></sup> The central tendency of anarchism as a <a href="Social_movement" title="social movement">social movement</a> have been represented by communist anarchism, with anarcho-individualism being primarily a <a href="Philosophical_anarchism" title="philosophical anarchism">philosophical/literary phenomenon</a>.<sup id="_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#_note-18" title="">[18]</a></sup> Some anarchists fundamentally <a href="Non-aggression_principle" title="non-aggression principle">oppose all forms of aggression</a>, supporting <a href="Self-defense" title="self-defense">self-defense</a> or non-violence, while others have supported the use of some <a href="Coercion" title="coercion">coercive</a> measures, including violent revolution and <a href="Terrorism" title="terrorism">terrorism</a>, on the path to anarchy.<sup id="_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#_note-19" title="">[19]</a></sup></p>
<p>The term <i>anarchism</i> derives from the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἀναρχος, <i>anarchos</i>, meaning "without rulers",<sup id="_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#_note-20" title="">[20]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#_note-21" title="">[21]</a></sup> from the prefix ἀν- (<i>an-</i>, "without") + ἄρχή (<i>archê</i>, "sovereignty, realm, magistracy")<sup id="_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#_note-22" title="">[22]</a></sup> + -ισμός (<i>-ismos</i>, from a <a href="Stem_(linguistics)" title="stem (linguistics)">stem</a> -ιζειν, <i>-izein</i>). There is some ambiguity with the use of the terms "<a href="Libertarianism_(disambiguation)" title="Libertarianism (disambiguation)">libertarianism</a>" and "libertarian" in writings about anarchism. Since the 1890s from France,<sup id="_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#_note-23" title="">[23]</a></sup> the term "libertarianism" has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and was used almost exclusively in this sense until the 1950s in the United States;<sup id="_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#_note-24" title="">[24]</a></sup> its use as a synonym is still common outside the U.S.<sup id="_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#_note-25" title="">[25]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#_note-26" title="">[26]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#_note-27" title="">[27]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#_note-28" title="">[28]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#_note-29" title="">[29]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#_note-30" title="">[30]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#_note-31" title="">[31]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#_note-32" title="">[32]</a></sup></p>
<p>Accordingly, "<a href="Libertarian_socialism" title="libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>" is sometimes used as a synonym for <a href="Socialist_anarchism" title="socialist anarchism">socialist anarchism</a>,<sup id="_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#_note-33" title="">[33]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#_note-34" title="">[34]</a></sup> to delineate it from "individualist libertarianism" (individualist anarchism). On the other hand, some use "<a href="Libertarianism" title="libertarianism">libertarianism</a>" to refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, referring to free-market anarchism as "<a href="Libertarian_anarchism" title="libertarian anarchism">libertarian anarchism</a>."<sup id="_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#_note-35" title="">[35]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#_note-36" title="">[36]</a></sup></p>
<p>While some dictionaries define "anarchy" or "anarchism" as chaos and/or disorder <sup id="_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#_note-37" title="">[37]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#_note-38" title="">[38]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#_note-39" title="">[39]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#_note-40" title="">[40]</a></sup> this narrow scope of the term is not how it is used in this article.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Origins">Origins</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Individualist_anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Philosophical_anarchism">Philosophical anarchism</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#William_Godwin's_rationalism">William Godwin's rationalism</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Egoism">Egoism</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Free-market_individualism">Free-market individualism</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Mutualism">Mutualism</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Socialist_anarchism">Socialist anarchism</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Collectivist_anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Anarchist_communism">Anarchist communism</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Anarchism_without_adjectives">Anarchism without adjectives</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Post-classical_schools_of_thought">Post-classical schools of thought</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Anarcha-feminism">Anarcha-feminism</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Green_anarchism">Green anarchism</a>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#As_a_social_movement">As a social movement</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#The_First_International">The First International</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Organized_labor">Organized labor</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Russian_Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Fight_against_fascism">Fight against fascism</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Internal_issues_and_debates">Internal issues and debates</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also">See also</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Further_reading">Further reading</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links">External links</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#General_resources">General resources</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Biographical_and_bibliographical">Biographical and bibliographical</a>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul></td></tr></table><hr/>
<a id="Origins" name="Origins"/><h2>Origins</h2>
<p>{{main}}
Some claim anarchist themes can be found in the works of <a href="Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> sages <a href="Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a><sup id="_ref-EB1910_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-EB1910" title="">[41]</a></sup> and <a href="Zhuangzi" title="Zhuangzi">Zhuangzi</a>. The latter has been translated, <i>"There has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success],"</i> and <i>"A petty thief is put in jail. A great brigand becomes a ruler of a Nation."</i><sup id="_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#_note-42" title="">[42]</a></sup> <a href="Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a> and the <a href="Cynic" title="Cynic">Cynics</a>, and their contemporary <a href="Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a>, the founder of <a href="Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, also introduced similar topics.<sup id="_ref-EB1910_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-EB1910" title="">[41]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#_note-43" title="">[43]</a></sup></p>
<p>Modern anarchism, however, sprang from the secular or religious thought of the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, particularly <a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s arguments for the moral centrality of freedom.<sup id="_ref-Encarta_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Encarta" title="">[44]</a></sup> Although by the turn of the 19th century the term "anarchist" had an entirely positive connotation,<sup id="_ref-bbc_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bbc" title="">[45]</a></sup> it first entered the English language in 1642 during the <a href="English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> as a <a href="Pejorative" title="Pejorative">term of abuse</a> used by <a href="Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalists</a> to damn those who were fomenting disorder.<sup id="_ref-bbc_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bbc" title="">[45]</a></sup> By the time of the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> some, such as the <i><a href="Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i>, began to use the term positively,<sup id="_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#_note-46" title="">[46]</a></sup> in opposition to <a href="Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a> centralisation of power, seeing "revolutionary government" as <a href="Oxymoron" title="oxymoron">oxymoronic</a>.<sup id="_ref-bbc_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bbc" title="">[45]</a></sup> </p>
<p>From this climate <a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> developed what many consider the first expression of <a href="Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="anarchist schools of thought">modern anarchist thought</a>.<sup id="_ref-godwinsep_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-godwinsep" title="">[47]</a></sup> Godwin was, according to <a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work",<sup id="_ref-EB1910_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-EB1910" title="">[41]</a></sup> while Godwin attached his anarchist ideas to an early <a href="Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>.<sup id="_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#_note-48" title="">[48]</a></sup> Instead, <a href="Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> credits <a href="Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a>, an American who promoted stateless and <a href="Voluntary_community" title="voluntary community">voluntary communities</a> where all goods and services were <a href="Privatization" title="privatization">private</a>, with being "the first man to expound and formulate the doctrine now known as Anarchism."<sup id="_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#_note-49" title="">[49]</a></sup> The first to describe himself as an anarchist was <a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>,<sup id="_ref-bbc_d" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bbc" title="">[45]</a></sup> a French philosopher and politician, which led some to call him the founder of modern anarchist theory.<sup id="_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#_note-50" title="">[50]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Schools_of_thought" name="Schools_of_thought"/><h2>Schools of thought</h2>
<p>{{main}}
Anarchist ideas have only occasionally inspired political movements of any size, and "the tradition is mainly one of individual thinkers, but they have produced an important body of theory."<sup id="_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#_note-51" title="">[51]</a></sup> Anarchist schools of thought had been generally grouped in two main historical traditions, individualist and collectivist ones, which have some different origins, values and evolution.<sup id="_ref-slevin_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-slevin" title="">[5]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-black_dict_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-black_dict" title="">[8]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#_note-52" title="">[52]</a></sup> </p>
<p>The individualist wing of anarchism emphasises <a href="Negative_liberty" title="negative liberty">negative liberty</a>, i.e. opposition to state or <a href="Social_control" title="social control">social control</a> over the individual, while those in the collectivist wing emphasise <a href="Positive_liberty" title="positive liberty">positive liberty</a> to achieve one's potential and argue that humans have needs that society ought to fulfill, "recognizing equality of entitlement".<sup id="_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#_note-53" title="">[53]</a></sup> In chronological and theorical sense there are classical -those created throughout the 19th century- and post-classical anarchist schools -those created since the mid-20th century and after.</p>
<a id="Individualist_anarchism" name="Individualist_anarchism"/><h3>Individualist anarchism</h3>
<p>{{main}}
Individualist anarchism comprises several traditions<sup id="_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#_note-54" title="">[54]</a></sup> which hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective body or public authority."<sup id="_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#_note-55" title="">[55]</a></sup> Individualist anarchism is supportive of property being held privately, unlike the socialist/collectivist/communitarian wing which advocates <a href="Common_ownership" title="common ownership">common ownership</a>.<sup id="_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#_note-56" title="">[56]</a></sup> Individualist anarchism has been espoused by individuals such as <a href="Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>,<a href="Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a>, <a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>,<sup id="_ref-woodcock20_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-woodcock20" title="">[57]</a></sup> <a href="Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>,<sup id="_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#_note-58" title="">[58]</a></sup> <a href="Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a>, <a href="Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a><sup id="_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#_note-59" title="">[59]</a></sup> and <a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>.<sup id="_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#_note-60" title="">[60]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#_note-61" title="">[61]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#_note-62" title="">[62]</a></sup></p>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:WilliamGodwin.jpg" title="William Godwin, usually considered an individualist anarchist, is often regarded as producing the first philosophical expression of anarchism"><img src="WilliamGodwin.jpg" alt="William Godwin, usually considered an individualist anarchist, is often regarded as producing the first philosophical expression of anarchism" title="William Godwin, usually considered an individualist anarchist, is often regarded as producing the first philosophical expression of anarchism" class="location-left type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, usually considered an individualist anarchist, is often regarded as producing the first philosophical expression of anarchism</div>
</p><a id="Philosophical_anarchism" name="Philosophical_anarchism"/><h4>Philosophical anarchism</h4>
<p>{{Main}}
Philosophical anarchism is a component especially of individualist anarchism<sup id="_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#_note-63" title="">[63]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#_note-64" title="">[64]</a></sup> which contends that the <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">State</a> lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate it. Though philosophical anarchism does not necessarily imply any action or desire for the elimination of the State, philosophical anarchists do not believe that they have an obligation or duty to obey the State, or, conversely, that the State has a right to command. Philosophical anarchists may accept the existence of a <a href="Minarchism" title="minarchism">minimal state</a> as unfortunate, and usually temporary, "necessary evil" but argue that citizens do not have a <a href="Moral_obligation" title="moral obligation">moral obligation</a> to obey the state when its laws conflict with individual autonomy.<sup id="_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#_note-65" title="">[65]</a></sup></p>
<p>Philosophical anarchists of historical note include <a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, <a href="Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>, <a href="Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>,<sup id="_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#_note-66" title="">[66]</a></sup> <a href="Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>,<sup id="_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#_note-67" title="">[67]</a></sup> and <a href="Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>.<sup id="_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#_note-68" title="">[68]</a></sup> Contemporary philosophical anarchists include <a href="Robert_Paul_Wolff" title="Robert Paul Wolff">Robert Paul Wolff</a>. According to scholar <a href="Allan_Antliff" title="Allan Antliff">Allan Antliff</a>, <a href="Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> coined the term "philosophical anarchism," to distinguish peaceful evolutionary anarchism from revolutionary variants.<sup id="_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#_note-69" title="">[69]</a></sup> </p>
<p>As conceived by <a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, it requires individuals to act in accordance with their own judgments and to allow every other individual the same liberty; conceived egoistically as by <a href="Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>, it implies that 'the unique one' who truly 'owns himself' recognizes no duties to others; within the limit of his might, he does what is right for him.<sup id="_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#_note-70" title="">[70]</a></sup></p>
<a id="William_Godwin's_rationalism" name="William_Godwin's_rationalism"/><h4>William Godwin's rationalism</h4>
<p>In 1793,  William Godwin, who has often<sup id="_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#_note-71" title="">[71]</a></sup> been cited as the first anarchist, wrote <i><a href="Political_Justice" title="Political Justice">Political Justice</a></i>, which some consider to be the first expression of anarchism.<sup id="_ref-godwinsep_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-godwinsep" title="">[47]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#_note-72" title="">[72]</a></sup> Godwin, a philosophical anarchist, from a <a href="Rationalist" title="rationalist">rationalist</a> and <a href="Utilitarian" title="utilitarian">utilitarian</a> basis opposed revolutionary action and saw a <a href="Limited_government" title="Limited government">minimal state</a> as a present "necessary evil" that would become increasingly irrelevant and powerless by the gradual spread of knowledge.<sup id="_ref-godwinsep_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-godwinsep" title="">[47]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#_note-73" title="">[73]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Godwin advocated extreme <a href="Individualism" title="individualism">individualism</a>, proposing that all cooperation in labor be eliminated on the premise that this would be most conducive with the general good.<sup id="_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#_note-74" title="">[74]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-pmcl119_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-pmcl119" title="">[75]</a></sup> Godwin was a utilitarian who believed that all individuals are not of equal value, with some of us "of more worth and importance" than others depending on our utility in bringing about social good. Therefore he does not believe in equal rights, but the person's life that should be favored that is most conducive to the general good.<sup id="_ref-pmcl119_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-pmcl119" title="">[75]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Godwin opposed government because he saw it as infringing on the individual's right to "private judgement" to determine which actions most maximize utility, but also makes a critique of all authority over the individual's judgement. This aspect of Godwin's philosophy, stripped of utilitarian motivations, was developed into a more extreme form later by Stirner.<sup id="_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#_note-76" title="">[76]</a></sup></p>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Max_stirner.jpg" title="19th century philosopher Max Stirner, usually considered a prominent early individualist anarchist (sketch by Friedrich Engels)."><img src="Max_stirner.jpg" alt="19th century philosopher Max Stirner, usually considered a prominent early individualist anarchist (sketch by Friedrich Engels)." title="19th century philosopher Max Stirner, usually considered a prominent early individualist anarchist (sketch by Friedrich Engels)." class="location-none type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="19th_century_philosophy" title="19th century philosophy">19th century philosopher</a> <a href="Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>, usually considered a prominent early <a href="Individualist_anarchist" title="individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> (sketch by <a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>).</div></p>
<a id="Egoism" name="Egoism"/><h4>Egoism</h4>
<p>{{Main}}
The most extreme<sup id="_ref-Goodway.2C_David_2006.2C_p._99_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Goodway.2C_David_2006.2C_p._99" title="">[77]</a></sup> form of individualist anarchism, called "egoism,"<sup id="_ref-Goodway.2C_David_2006.2C_p._99_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Goodway.2C_David_2006.2C_p._99" title="">[77]</a></sup> was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, Max Stirner.<sup id="_ref-SEP-Stirner_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-SEP-Stirner" title="">[78]</a></sup>  Stirner's <i><a href="The_Ego_and_Its_Own" title="The Ego and Its Own">The Ego and Its Own</a></i>, published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy.<sup id="_ref-SEP-Stirner_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-SEP-Stirner" title="">[78]</a></sup> According to Stirner's conception, the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire,<sup id="_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#_note-79" title="">[79]</a></sup> without regard for God, state, or moral rules.<sup id="_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#_note-80" title="">[80]</a></sup> </p>
<p>To Stirner, rights were <i><a href="Reification" title="reification">spooks</a></i> in the mind, and he held that society does not exist but "the individuals are its reality"{{ndash}} he supported a concept of property held by force of might rather than moral right.<sup id="_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#_note-81" title="">[81]</a></sup> By "property" he is not referring only to things but to other people as well.<sup id="_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#_note-82" title="">[82]</a></sup> Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw "associations of egoists" where respect for ruthlessness drew people together.<sup id="_ref-woodcock20_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-woodcock20" title="">[57]</a></sup> Even murder is permissible "if it is right for me."<sup id="_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#_note-83" title="">[83]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Stirner saw the state as illegitimate but did not see individuals as having a duty to eliminate it nor does he recommend that they try to eliminate it; rather, he advocates that they disregard the state when it conflicts with their autonomous choices and go along with it when doing so is conducive to their interests.<sup id="_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#_note-84" title="">[84]</a></sup> However, while he thought there was no duty to eliminate the state, he did think that it would eventually collapse as a result of the spread of egoism.<sup id="_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#_note-85" title="">[85]</a></sup></p>
<p>"Egoism" has inspired many interpretations of Stirner's philosophy. It was re-discovered and promoted by German philosophical anarchist and <a href="LGBT" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> activist <a href="John_Henry_Mackay" title="John Henry Mackay">John Henry Mackay</a>. Individualist anarchism inspired by Stirner attracted a small following of European bohemian artists and intellectuals. Stirner's philosophy has been seen as a precedent of <a href="Existentialism" title="existentialism">existentialism</a> with other thinkers like <a href="Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, or even <a href="S%C3%B6ren_Kierkegaard" title="Sören Kierkegaard">Sören Kierkegaard</a>.  </p>
<p>Russian anarchists like <a href="Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a> were also attracted by Stirner's ideas, as well as were a few lone wolves who found self-expression in crime and violence.<sup id="_ref-levy_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-levy" title="">[86]</a></sup> They rejected organizing, believing that only unorganized individuals were safe from coercion and domination, and that this kept them true to the ideals of anarchism.<sup id="_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#_note-87" title="">[87]</a></sup> This type of individualist anarchism inspired noted <a href="Anarcho-feminist" title="anarcho-feminist">anarcho-feminist</a> <a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>.<sup id="_ref-levy_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-levy" title="">[86]</a></sup> Though Stirner's egoism is individualist, it has also influenced some anarcho-communists. "For Ourselves Council for Generalized Self-Management" discusses Stirner and speaks of a "communist egoism," which is said to be a "synthesis of individualism and collectivism," and says that "greed in its fullest sense is the only possible basis of communist society. <sup id="_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#_note-88" title="">[88]</a></sup></p>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:LysanderSpooner.jpg" title="Lysander Spooner, one of the biggest exponents of classic American anarchism. He supported natural law and market economy."><img src="LysanderSpooner.jpg" alt="Lysander Spooner, one of the biggest exponents of classic American anarchism. He supported natural law and market economy." title="Lysander Spooner, one of the biggest exponents of classic American anarchism. He supported natural law and market economy." class="location-left type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>, one of the biggest exponents of classic American anarchism. He supported <a href="Natural_law" title="natural law">natural law</a> and <a href="Market_economy" title="market economy">market economy</a>.</div></p>
<a id="Free-market_individualism" name="Free-market_individualism"/><h4>Free-market individualism</h4>
<p>{{further}}
Another form of individualist anarchism was found in the United States, as advocated by the "Boston anarchists."<sup id="_ref-levy_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-levy" title="">[86]</a></sup> By default American individualists didn't have any problem that "one man employ another" or that "he direct him," in his labor but demanded that "all natural opportunities requisite to the production of wealth be accessible to all on equal terms and that monopolies arising from special privileges created by law be abolished."<sup id="_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#_note-89" title="">[89]</a></sup> </p>
<p>They believed <a href="State_monopoly_capitalism" title="state monopoly capitalism">state monopoly capitalism</a> (defined as a state-sponsored monopoly)<sup id="_ref-schwartzman_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-schwartzman" title="">[90]</a></sup> prevented labor from being fully rewarded. <a href="Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a>, summed up the philosophy by saying that the anarchist individualists "are firm in the idea that the system of employer and employed, buying and selling, banking, and all the other essential institutions of Commercialism, centered upon private property, are in themselves good, and are rendered vicious merely by the interference of the State."<sup id="_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#_note-91" title="">[91]</a></sup></p>
<p>Even among the nineteenth century American individualists, there was not a monolithic doctrine, as they disagreed amongst each other on various issues including <a href="Intellectual_property" title="intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights and <a href="Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">possession</a> versus <a href="Property" title="property">property</a> in land.<sup id="_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#_note-92" title="">[92]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-watner_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-watner" title="">[93]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#_note-94" title="">[94]</a></sup> A major schism occurred later in the 19th century when Tucker and some others abandoned their traditional support of <a href="Natural_right" title="natural right">natural rights</a> -as expoused by <a href="Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>- and converted to an "egoism" modeled upon <a href="Philosophy_of_Max_Stirner" title="Philosophy of Max Stirner">Stirner's philosophy</a>.<sup id="_ref-watner_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-watner" title="">[93]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Some "Boston anarchists", including Benjamin Tucker, identified themselves as "<a href="Socialist" title="socialist">socialists</a>" which in the 19th century was often used in the broad sense of a commitment to improving conditions of the working class (i.e. "<a href="The_labor_problem" title="the labor problem">the labor problem</a>").<sup id="_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#_note-95" title="">[95]</a></sup> By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed,<sup id="_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#_note-96" title="">[96]</a></sup> although the individualist anarchist tradition was later revived with modifications by <a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> and his <a href="Anarcho-capitalism" title="anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> in the mid-twentieth century, as a current of the broader <a href="Libertarianism" title="libertarianism">libertarian</a> movement.<sup id="_ref-levy_d" class="reference"><a href="#_note-levy" title="">[86]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#_note-97" title="">[97]</a></sup></p>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Proudhon.jpg" title="Mutualist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) was the first self-described anarchist."><img src="Proudhon.jpg" alt="Mutualist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) was the first self-described anarchist." title="Mutualist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) was the first self-described anarchist." class="location-none type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a> <a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> (1809–1865) was the first self-described anarchist.</div></p>
<a id="Mutualism" name="Mutualism"/><h3>Mutualism</h3>
<p>{{main}}
Mutualism began in 18th century English and French labor movements before taking an anarchist form associated with <a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> in France and others in the United States.<sup id="_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#_note-98" title="">[98]</a></sup> Proudhon proposed <a href="Spontaneous_order" title="spontaneous order">spontaneous order</a>, whereby organization emerges without central authority, a "positive anarchy" where order arises when everybody does “what he wishes and only what he wishes"<sup id="_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#_note-99" title="">[99]</a></sup> and where "business transactions alone produce the social order."<sup id="_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#_note-100" title="">[100]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Like Godwin, Proudhon opposed violent revolutionary action. He saw anarchy as "a form of government or constitution in which public and private consciousness, formed through the development of science and law, is alone sufficient to maintain order and guarantee all liberties. In it, as a consequence, the institutions of the police, preventive and repressive methods, officialdom, taxation, etc., are reduced to a minimum. In it, more especially, the forms of monarchy and intensive centralization disappear, to be replaced by federal institutions and a pattern of life based on the commune."<sup id="_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#_note-101" title="">[101]</a></sup> </p>
<p>By "commune", Proudhon meant local <a href="Self-government" title="self-government">self-government</a> or according to literal translation, "municipality", rather than a communist arrangement.<sup id="_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#_note-102" title="">[102]</a></sup> Proudhon's famous declaration that "<a href="Property_is_Theft!" title="Property is Theft!">Property is Theft!</a>," along with his less famous declaration that "Property is Liberty,"<sup id="_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#_note-103" title="">[103]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#_note-104" title="">[104]</a></sup> inspired different <a href="Anarchist_economics" title="Anarchist economics">anarchist economic models</a> throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.</p>
<p>Proudhon's ideas were introduced by <a href="Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Charles A. Dana</a>,<sup id="_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#_note-105" title="">[105]</a></sup> to <a href="Individualist_anarchists" title="individualist anarchists">individualist anarchists</a> in the United States including <a href="Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> and <a href="William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a>.<sup id="_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#_note-106" title="">[106]</a></sup> Mutualist anarchism is concerned with <a href="Reciprocity" title="reciprocity">reciprocity</a>, free association, voluntary contract, federation, and credit and currency reform. According to Greene, in the mutualist system each worker would receive "just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount."<sup id="_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#_note-107" title="">[107]</a></sup> Mutualism has been retrospectively characterized as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism.<sup id="_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#_note-108" title="">[108]</a></sup> Proudhon first characterized his goal as a "third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property."<sup id="_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#_note-109" title="">[109]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Socialist_anarchism" name="Socialist_anarchism"/><h3>Socialist anarchism</h3>
<p>{{main}}
Socialist anarchism is one of two different broad categories of anarchism, the other category being individualist anarchism. The term socialist anarchism is often used to identify <a href="Communitarian" title="communitarian">communitarian</a> forms of anarchism that emphasize cooperation and mutual aid. Old socialist anarchism includes <a href="Anarcho-collectivism" title="anarcho-collectivism">anarcho-collectivism</a>, <a href="Anarcho-communism" title="anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a>, <a href="Platformism" title="platformism">platformism</a> and <a href="Anarcho-syndicalism" title="anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>. More recently developments includes the anarchist factions from <a href="Social_ecology" title="social ecology">social ecology</a>, <a href="Inclusive_democracy" title="inclusive democracy">inclusive democracy</a> and <a href="Participatory_economics" title="participatory economics">participatory economics</a>.</p>
<a id="Collectivist_anarchism" name="Collectivist_anarchism"/><h4>Collectivist anarchism</h4>
<p>{{main}}
<i>Collectivist anarchism</i>, also referred to as <i>revolutionary socialism</i> or a form of such,<sup id="_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#_note-110" title="">[110]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#_note-111" title="">[111]</a></sup> is a revolutionary form of anarchism, commonly associated with <a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and <a href="Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Johann Most</a>.<sup id="_ref-Patsouras-p54_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Patsouras-p54" title="">[112]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#_note-113" title="">[113]</a></sup> It is a specific tendency, not to be confused with the broad category sometimes called <a href="Collectivist" title="collectivist">collectivist</a> or <a href="Communitarian" title="communitarian">communitarian</a> anarchism.<sup id="_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#_note-114" title="">[114]</a></sup> Unlike mutualists, collectivist anarchists oppose all private ownership of the means of production, instead advocating that ownership be collectivized. </p>
<p>This was to be achieved through violent revolution, first starting with a small cohesive group through acts of violence, or "<a href="Propaganda_by_the_deed" title="propaganda by the deed">propaganda by the deed</a>," which would inspire the workers as a whole to revolt and forcibly collectivize the means of production.<sup id="_ref-Patsouras-p54_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Patsouras-p54" title="">[112]</a></sup>  However, collectivization was not to be extended to the distribution of income, as workers would be paid according to time worked, rather than receiving goods being distributed "according to need" as in anarcho-communism. This position was criticised by later anarcho-communists as effectively "uphold[ing] the wages system".<sup id="_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#_note-115" title="">[115]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Anarchist communist and collectivist ideas were not mutually exclusive; although the collectivist anarchists advocated compensation for labor, some held out the possibility of a post-revolutionary transition to a communist system of distribution according to need.<sup id="_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#_note-116" title="">[116]</a></sup> Collectivist anarchism arose contemporaneously with <a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> but opposed the Marxist <a href="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>, despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist stateless society.<sup id="_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#_note-117" title="">[117]</a></sup></p>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Kropotkin_Nadar.jpg" title="Anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin believed that in anarchy, workers would spontaneously self-organize to produce goods in common for all society."><img src="Kropotkin_Nadar.jpg" alt="Anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin believed that in anarchy, workers would spontaneously self-organize to produce goods in common for all society." title="Anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin believed that in anarchy, workers would spontaneously self-organize to produce goods in common for all society." class="location-left type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption">Anarcho-communist <a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> believed that in <a href="Anarchy" title="anarchy">anarchy</a>, workers would spontaneously self-organize to produce goods in common for all society.</div></p>
<a id="Anarchist_communism" name="Anarchist_communism"/><h4>Anarchist communism</h4>
<p>{{main}}
Anarchist communists propose that the freest form of <a href="Social_organisation" title="social organisation">social organisation</a> would be a society composed of <a href="Self-governance" title="self-governance">self-governing</a> <a href="Commune_(socialism)" title="Commune (socialism)">communes</a> with collective use of the <a href="Means_of_production" title="means of production">means of production</a>, organized by <a href="Direct_democracy" title="direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, and related to other communes through <a href="Federation" title="federation">federation</a>.<sup id="_ref-LibCom_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-LibCom" title="">[118]</a></sup> However, some anarchist communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and favor <a href="Consensus_democracy" title="consensus democracy">consensus democracy</a>.<sup id="_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#_note-119" title="">[119]</a></sup> </p>
<p>In anarchist communism, as money would be abolished, individuals would not receive direct <a href="Remuneration" title="Remuneration">compensation</a> for labour (through sharing of <a href="Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profits</a> or payment) but would have free access to the resources and surplus of the commune.<sup id="_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#_note-120" title="">[120]</a></sup> According to anarchist communist <a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> and later <a href="Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, the members of such a society would spontaneously perform all necessary labour because they would recognize the benefits of communal enterprise and mutual aid.<sup id="_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#_note-121" title="">[121]</a></sup>{{page number}} </p>
<p>Kropotkin believed that private <a href="Property" title="property">property</a> was one of the causes of oppression and exploitation and called for its abolition,<sup id="_ref-kropcon_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-kropcon" title="">[122]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#_note-123" title="">[123]</a></sup> advocating instead common ownership.<sup id="_ref-kropcon_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-kropcon" title="">[122]</a></sup> Kropotkin said that "houses, fields, and factories will no longer be private property, and that they will belong to the commune or the nation and money, wages, and trade would be abolished."<sup id="_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#_note-124" title="">[124]</a></sup> Kropotkin's work <i>Mutual Aid</i> criticized <a href="Social_Darwinism" title="social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, arguing that cooperation is more natural than competition. <i>Conquest of Bread</i> was essentially a handbook on the organization of a society after the <a href="Social_revolution" title="social revolution">social revolution</a>.</p>
<p>In response to those criticizing Kropotkin for supporting expropriation of homes and means of production from those who did not wish to take part in anarcho-communism, he replied that if someone did not want to join the commune they would be left alone as long as they are a "peasant who is in possession of just the amount of land he can cultivate," or "a family inhabiting a house which affords them just enough space... considered necessary for that number of people" or an artisan "working with their own tools or handloom."<sup id="_ref-Kropotkin-Act-104-05_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Kropotkin-Act-104-05" title="">[125]</a></sup> arguing that "[t]he landlord owes his riches to the poverty of the peasants, and the wealth of the capitalist comes from the same source."<sup id="_ref-Kropotkin-Act-104-05_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Kropotkin-Act-104-05" title="">[125]</a></sup></p>
<p>The status of anarchist communism within anarchism is disputed, because most individualist anarchists consider <a href="Communitarianism" title="communitarianism">communitarianism</a> incompatible with <a href="Political_freedom" title="political freedom">political freedom</a>.<sup id="_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#_note-126" title="">[126]</a></sup> However, anarcho-communism does not always have a <a href="Communitarian" title="communitarian">communitarian</a> philosophy, Some forms of anarchist communism are <a href="Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">egoist</a>,<sup id="_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#_note-127" title="">[127]</a></sup> and are very influenced by radical individualist philosophy, believing that anarcho-communism does not require a communitarian nature at all. Anarchist communist <a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> blended the philosophies of both Max Stirner and Kropotkin in her own.<sup id="_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#_note-128" title="">[128]</a></sup> </p>
<p><a href="Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a> is an anarchist communist tendency in the tradition of <a href="Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>, who argued for the "vital need of an organization which, having attracted most of the participants in the anarchist movement, would establish a common tactical and political line for anarchism and thereby serve as a guide for the whole movement."<sup id="_ref-Platformtext_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Platformtext" title="">[129]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Anarcho-syndicalism" name="Anarcho-syndicalism"/><h4>Anarcho-syndicalism</h4>
<p>{{main}}
<a class="internal" href="Image:Anarchist_flag.svg.png" title="A common Anarcho-Syndicalist flag."><img src="Anarchist_flag.svg.png" alt="A common Anarcho-Syndicalist flag." title="A common Anarcho-Syndicalist flag." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">A common <a href="Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-Syndicalist</a> flag.</div>
In the early 20th century, anarcho-syndicalism arose as a distinct school of thought within anarchism.<sup id="_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#_note-130" title="">[130]</a></sup> With greater focus on the labour movement than previous forms of anarchism, <a href="Syndicalism" title="syndicalism">syndicalism</a> posits radical <a href="Trade_union" title="trade union">trade unions</a> as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society, democratically <a href="Workers'_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">self-managed by the workers</a>.</p>
<p>Anarcho-syndicalists seek to abolish the wage system and private ownership of the means of production, which they believe lead to class divisions. Important principles include workers' solidarity, <a href="Direct_action" title="direct action">direct action</a> (such as <a href="General_strike" title="general strike">general strikes</a> and workplace recuperations), and <a href="Workers'_self-management" title="workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>. This is compatible with other branches of anarchism, and anarcho-syndicalists often subscribe to <a href="Anarchist_communism" title="anarchist communism">anarchist communist</a> or <a href="Collectivist_anarchist" title="collectivist anarchist">collectivist anarchist</a> <a href="Economic_system" title="economic system">economic systems</a>.<sup id="_ref-faq-social_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-faq-social" title="">[131]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Its advocates propose labour organization as a means to create the foundations of a trade union centered anarchist society within the current system and bring about social revolution. An early leading anarcho-syndicalist thinker was <a href="Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a>, whose 1938 pamphlet <i>Anarchosyndicalism</i> outlined a view of the movement's origin, aims and importance to the future of labour.<sup id="_ref-faq-social_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-faq-social" title="">[131]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#_note-132" title="">[132]</a></sup></p>
<p>Although more often associated with labor struggles of the early 20th century (particularly in <a href="Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a> and <a href="Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a>), many syndicalist organizations are active today, united across national borders by membership in the <a href="International_Workers_Association" title="International Workers Association">International Workers Association</a>, including the <a href="Central_Organisation_of_the_Workers_of_Sweden" title="Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden">Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden</a> (SAC) in <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the <i><a href="Unione_Sindacale_Italiana" title="Unione Sindacale Italiana">Unione Sindacale Italiana</a></i> (USI) in <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> and the <a href="Confederaci%C3%B3n_General_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación General del Trabajo">CGT</a> in Spain, the Workers' Solidarity Movement (WSM) of Ireland, and the <a href="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> in the United States.</p>
<a id="Anarchism_without_adjectives" name="Anarchism_without_adjectives"/><h3>Anarchism without adjectives</h3>
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"Anarchism without adjectives", in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein, "referred to an <a href="Hyphen" title="hyphen">unhyphenated</a> form of anarchism, that is, a doctrine without any qualifying labels such as <a href="Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a>, <a href="Collectivism" title="collectivism">collectivist</a>, <a href="Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualist</a>, or <a href="Individualist_anarchism" title="individualist anarchism">individualist</a>. For others,…[it] was simply understood as an attitude that tolerated the coexistence of different anarchist schools."<sup id="_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#_note-133" title="">[133]</a></sup> </p>
<p>"Anarchism without adjectives" emphasizes harmony among various anarchist factions and attempts to unite them around their shared <a href="Anti-authoritarian" title="anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> beliefs.
The position was first adopted in 1889 by <a href="Fernando_Tarrida_del_M%C3%A1rmol" title="Fernando Tarrida del Mármol">Fernando Tarrida del Mármol</a> as a call for <a href="Toleration" title="toleration">toleration</a>, after being troubled by the "bitter debates" among the different anarchist movements.<sup id="_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#_note-134" title="">[134]</a></sup> <a href="Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a>,<sup id="_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#_note-135" title="">[135]</a></sup> <a href="Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>,<sup id="_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#_note-136" title="">[136]</a></sup> and <a href="Fred_Woodworth" title="Fred Woodworth">Fred Woodworth</a> are noteworthy exponents of the view.<sup id="_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#_note-137" title="">[137]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Post-classical_schools_of_thought" name="Post-classical_schools_of_thought"/><h3>Post-classical schools of thought</h3>
<p>{{See also}}
<a class="internal" href="Image:Bey_hakim.jpg" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone theorist Hakim Bey is an influential figure in post-leftist anarchist circles."><img src="Bey_hakim.jpg" alt="Temporary Autonomous Zone theorist Hakim Bey is an influential figure in post-leftist anarchist circles." title="Temporary Autonomous Zone theorist Hakim Bey is an influential figure in post-leftist anarchist circles." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary Autonomous Zone</a> theorist <a href="Peter_Lamborn_Wilson" title="Peter Lamborn Wilson">Hakim Bey</a> is an influential figure in post-leftist anarchist circles.</div>
Anarchism continues to generate many eclectic and <a href="Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">syncretic</a> philosophies and movements; since the revival of anarchism in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> in the 1960s,<sup id="_ref-revival_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-revival" title="">[138]</a></sup> a number of new movements and schools have emerged.<sup id="_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#_note-139" title="">[139]</a></sup> <a href="Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a> developed from radical anti-state <a href="Libertarianism" title="libertarianism">libertarianism</a> as a rejuvenated form of <a href="Individualist_anarchism" title="individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>, it draws from ideas like <a href="Austrian_School" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a>, <a href="Law_and_economics" title="law and economics">law and economics</a> or <a href="Public_choice" title="public choice">public choice</a>,<sup id="_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#_note-140" title="">[140]</a></sup> while the burgeoning <a href="Feminism" title="feminism">feminist</a> and <a href="Environmentalism" title="environmentalism">environmentalist</a> movements also produced anarchist offshoots.</p>
<p><a href="Post-left_anarchy" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy</a> is a tendency which seeks to distance itself from the traditional "<a href="Left-wing_politics" title="left-wing politics">Left</a>" and to escape the confines of <a href="Ideology" title="ideology">ideology</a> in general. Post-leftists argue that anarchism has been weakened by its long attachment to contrary "leftist" movements, single issue causes and calls for a synthesis of anarchist thought, and a specifically anti-authoritarian revolutionary movement outside the leftist milieu. </p>
<p><a href="Post-anarchism" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchism</a> is a theoretical move towards a synthesis of classical anarchist theory and <a href="Poststructuralist" title="poststructuralist">poststructuralist</a> thought developed by <a href="Saul_Newman" title="Saul Newman">Saul Newman</a> and associated with thinkers such as <a href="Todd_May" title="Todd May">Todd May</a>, <a href="Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> and <a href="F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a>. It draws from a wide range of ideas including <a href="Post-modernism" title="post-modernism">post-modernism</a>, <a href="Autonomist_marxism" title="autonomist marxism">autonomist marxism</a>, <a href="Post-left_anarchy" title="post-left anarchy">post-left anarchy</a>, <a href="Situationism" title="situationism">situationism</a> and <a href="Postcolonialism" title="postcolonialism">postcolonialism</a>.</p>
<p>Another recent form of anarchism critical of formal anarchist movements is <a href="Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary anarchism</a>, which advocates informal organization and active resistance to the state; its proponents include <a href="Wolfi_Landstreicher" title="Wolfi Landstreicher">Wolfi Landstreicher</a> and <a href="Alfredo_M._Bonanno" title="Alfredo M. Bonanno">Alfredo M. Bonanno</a>.</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Murray_Rothbard.jpg" title="Murray Rothbard (1926–1995), 20th century progenitor of anarcho-capitalism who asserted that &quot;capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism.&quot;&quot;&quot; The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal. 25 February 1972."><img src="Murray_Rothbard.jpg" alt="Murray Rothbard (1926–1995), 20th century progenitor of anarcho-capitalism who asserted that &quot;capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism.&quot;&quot;&quot; The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal. 25 February 1972." title="Murray Rothbard (1926–1995), 20th century progenitor of anarcho-capitalism who asserted that &quot;capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism.&quot;&quot;&quot; The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal. 25 February 1972." class="location-left type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> (1926–1995), 20th century progenitor of anarcho-capitalism who asserted that "capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism."<sup id="_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#_note-141" title="">[141]</a></sup></div></p>
<a id="Anarcho-capitalism" name="Anarcho-capitalism"/><h4>Anarcho-capitalism</h4>
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Anarcho-capitalism <sup id="_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#_note-142" title="">[142]</a></sup> is "based on a belief in the freedom to own private <a href="Property" title="property">property</a>, a rejection of any form of governmental authority or intervention, and the upholding of the competitive free market as the main mechanism for <a href="Social_interaction" title="social interaction">social interaction</a>."<sup id="_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#_note-143" title="">[143]</a></sup> Because of the historically <a href="Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> nature of much of anarchist thought, the status of <a href="Anarchism_and_anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism within anarchism</a> is disputed, particularly by <a href="Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist anarchists</a>.<sup id="_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#_note-144" title="">[144]</a></sup> Conversely, anarcho-capitalists sometimes argue that socialist schools of anarchism are themselves logically impossible.<sup id="_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#_note-145" title="">[145]</a></sup></p>
<p>Anarcho-capitalists distinguish between <a href="Free_market" title="free market">free market</a> capitalism – peaceful voluntary exchange – from <a href="State_capitalism" title="state capitalism">state capitalism</a>, which <a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> defined as a collusive partnership between <a href="Big_business" title="big business">big business</a> and government that uses <a href="Coercion" title="coercion">coercion</a> to subvert the free market.<sup id="_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#_note-146" title="">[146]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#_note-147" title="">[147]</a></sup> Whether in its <a href="Natural_right" title="natural right">natural rights</a>-based, <a href="Contractarian" title="contractarian">contractarian</a>, or <a href="Utilitarian" title="utilitarian">utilitarian</a> formulations, anarcho-capitalism has a theory of legitimacy that supports private property as long as it was obtained by labor, trade, or gift.<sup id="_ref-confiscation_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-confiscation" title="">[148]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Proponents argue that in an anarcho-capitalist society, voluntary market processes would result in the provision of social institutions such as <a href="Police" title="Police">law enforcement</a>, <a href="National_security" title="National security">defence</a> and <a href="Infrastructure" title="infrastructure">infrastructure</a> by competing for-profit firms, <a href="Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charities</a> or <a href="Voluntaryism" title="voluntaryism">voluntary associations</a> rather than the <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>.<sup id="_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#_note-149" title="">[149]</a></sup> In Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism, law (the non-aggression principle) is enforced by the market but not created by it, while according to <a href="David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>'s utilitarian version, the law itself is produced by the market.
<a class="internal" href="Image:Anarcho-capitalist_flag.svg.png" title="A yellow and black flag is often used to represent Anarcho-capitalism."><img src="Anarcho-capitalist_flag.svg.png" alt="A yellow and black flag is often used to represent Anarcho-capitalism." title="A yellow and black flag is often used to represent Anarcho-capitalism." class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">A yellow and black flag is often used to represent <a href="Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a>.</div>
Although the term <i>anarcho-capitalism</i> was coined by Rothbard, and its origin is attributed to 1960s <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, some historians, including Rothbard, trace the school of thought as far back as the mid-19th century, to market theorists such as <a href="Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a>.<sup id="_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#_note-150" title="">[150]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#_note-151" title="">[151]</a></sup> Anarcho-capitalism has drawn influence from pro-market theorists such as Molinari, <a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a>, and <a href="Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>, as well as American individualist thinkers such as <a href="Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> and <a href="Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>.<sup id="_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#_note-152" title="">[152]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#_note-153" title="">[153]</a></sup> </p>
<p>Considered a form of <a href="Individualist_anarchism" title="individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>,<sup id="_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#_note-154" title="">[154]</a></sup> it differs from the individualism of the Boston anarchists of the 19th century in its rejection of the <a href="Labor_theory_of_value" title="labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> (and its <a href="Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">normative</a> implications) in favor of the <a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical</a> or <a href="Austrian_School" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> <a href="Marginalism" title="Marginalism">marginalist</a> view. Anarcho-capitalist ideas have contributed to the development of <a href="Agorism" title="agorism">agorism</a>,<sup id="_ref-newlibman_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-newlibman" title="">[155]</a></sup> <a href="Autarchism" title="autarchism">autarchism</a>, <a href="Voluntaryism" title="voluntaryism">voluntaryism</a>,<sup id="_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#_note-156" title="">[156]</a></sup> <a href="Paleolibertarianism" title="paleolibertarianism">paleolibertarianism</a>,<sup id="_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#_note-157" title="">[157]</a></sup> and <a href="Crypto-anarchism" title="crypto-anarchism">crypto-anarchism</a>.<sup id="_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#_note-158" title="">[158]</a></sup> Institutes related to capitalist anarchism are <a href="Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a> and <a href="Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a> in US, and <a href="Libertarian_Alliance" title="Libertarian Alliance">Libertarian Alliance</a> in UK.</p>
<a id="Anarcha-feminism" name="Anarcha-feminism"/><h4>Anarcha-feminism</h4>
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<a class="internal" href="Image:Anfem.svg.png" title="A purple and black flag is often used to represent Anarcha-feminism."><img src="Anfem.svg.png" alt="A purple and black flag is often used to represent Anarcha-feminism." title="A purple and black flag is often used to represent Anarcha-feminism." class="location-none type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption">A purple and black flag is often used to represent <a href="Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarcha-feminism</a>.</div>
Anarcha-feminism is a synthesis of <a href="Radical_feminism" title="radical feminism">radical feminism</a> and anarchism that views <a href="Patriarchy" title="patriarchy">patriarchy</a> (male domination over women) as a fundamental manifestation of compulsory government – to which anarchists are opposed. Anarcha-feminism was inspired in the late 19th century by the writings of early feminist anarchists such as <a href="Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Lucy Parsons</a>, <a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> and <a href="Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a>, and even <a href="Dora_Marsden" title="Dora Marsden">Dora Marsden</a>. Anarcha-feminists, like other radical feminists, criticize and advocate the abolition of traditional conceptions of family, education and <a href="Gender_role" title="gender role">gender roles</a>.</p>
<p>Many <a href="Anarcha-feminists" title="anarcha-feminists">anarcha-feminists</a> are especially critical of marriage. For instance, Emma Goldman has argued that marriage is a purely economic arrangement and that "…[woman] pays for it with her name, her privacy, her self-respect, her very life."<sup id="_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#_note-159" title="">[159]</a></sup> Anarcha-feminists view patriarchy as a fundamental problem in society and believe that the feminist struggle against <a href="Sexism" title="sexism">sexism</a> and patriarchy is an essential component of the anarchist struggle against the <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> and <a href="Capitalism" title="capitalism">capitalism</a>. <a href="L._Susan_Brown" title="L. Susan Brown">Susan Brown</a> expressed the sentiment that "as anarchism is a political philosophy that opposes all relationships of power, it is inherently feminist."<sup id="_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#_note-160" title="">[160]</a></sup> </p>
<p>There have been several male anarcha-feminists, such as the <a href="Anarcho_communism" title="Anarcho communism">Anarcho-communist</a> <a href="Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a> who opposed <a href="Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>'s <a href="Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">anti-feminist</a> views."<sup id="_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#_note-161" title="">[161]</a></sup> Recently, <a href="Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a> has defined a position (she describes it as "<a href="Ifeminism" title="ifeminism">ifeminism</a>" or "individualist feminism") that combines feminism with anarcho-capitalism or libertarianism, arguing that a pro-capitalist, anti-state position implies <a href="Equal_rights" title="equal rights">equal rights</a> and <a href="Empowerment" title="empowerment">empowerment</a> for women.<sup id="_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#_note-162" title="">[162]</a></sup> Individualist anarchist feminism has grown from the <a href="United_States" title="United States">US</a>-based <a href="Individualist_anarchism" title="individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a> movement.</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:John_Zerzan_-_mod.jpg" title="John Zerzan (1943) prominent green anarchist author, he is known for exploring anti-civilization perspectives within anarchism"><img src="John_Zerzan_-_mod.jpg" alt="John Zerzan (1943) prominent green anarchist author, he is known for exploring anti-civilization perspectives within anarchism" title="John Zerzan (1943) prominent green anarchist author, he is known for exploring anti-civilization perspectives within anarchism" class="location-left type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a> (1943) prominent green anarchist author, he is known for exploring anti-civilization perspectives within anarchism</div></p>
<a id="Green_anarchism" name="Green_anarchism"/><h4>Green anarchism</h4>
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<a class="internal" href="Image:Darker_green_and_Black_flag.svg.png" title="Green and black flag of Green Anarchism."><img src="Darker_green_and_Black_flag.svg.png" alt="Green and black flag of Green Anarchism." title="Green and black flag of Green Anarchism." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption">Green and black flag of <a href="Green_Anarchism" title="Green Anarchism">Green Anarchism</a>.</div>
Green anarchism (or eco-anarchism)<sup id="_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#_note-163" title="">[163]</a></sup> is a school of thought within anarchism which puts an emphasis on <a href="Environmental_issues" title="environmental issues">environmental issues</a>.<sup id="_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#_note-164" title="">[164]</a></sup> Important contemporary currents are <a href="Anarcho-primitivism" title="anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a> and <a href="Social_ecology" title="social ecology">social ecology</a>. Many advocates of green anarchism and primitivism consider <a href="Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Fredy Perlman</a> as the modern progenitor of their views. </p>
<p>Notable contemporary writers espousing green anarchism include <a href="Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, <a href="Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Janet Biehl</a>, <a href="Daniel_Chodorkoff" title="Daniel Chodorkoff">Daniel Chodorkoff</a>, anthropologist <a href="Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)" title="Brian Morris (anthropologist)">Brian Morris</a>, and people around <a href="Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a>; those critical of technology such as <a href="Derrick_Jensen" title="Derrick Jensen">Derrick Jensen</a>, George Draffan, and <a href="John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a>; and others including <a href="Alan_Carter_(philosopher)" title="Alan Carter (philosopher)">Alan Carter</a>,<sup id="_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#_note-165" title="">[165]</a></sup> and Stewart Davidson <sup id="_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#_note-166" title="">[166]</a></sup></p>
<p>Social ecologists, considered also a kind of socialist anarchists, often criticize the main currents of anarchism for their focus and debates about politics and economics, instead of a focus on <a href="Eco-system" title="eco-system">eco-system</a> (human and environmental) like they do. This theory promote <a href="Libertarian_municipalism" title="libertarian municipalism">libertarian municipalism</a> and <a href="Green_technology" title="green technology">green technology</a>. Anarcho-primitivists often criticize mainstream anarchism for supporting <a href="Civilization" title="civilization">civilization</a> and modern <a href="Technology" title="technology">technology</a> which they believe are inherently based on domination and exploitation.  They instead advocate the process of <a href="Rewilding_(anarchism)" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">rewilding</a> or reconnecting with the natural environment. <a href="Veganarchism" title="Veganarchism">Veganarchism</a> is the political philosophy of <a href="Veganism" title="veganism">veganism</a> (more specifically <a href="Animal_liberation" title="animal liberation">animal liberation</a>) and green anarchism.<sup id="_ref-essay_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-essay" title="">[167]</a></sup> This encompasses viewing the <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> as unnecessary and harmful to both human and animals, whilst practising a vegan diet.<sup id="_ref-essay_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-essay" title="">[167]</a></sup>
<br/></p>
<a id="As_a_social_movement" name="As_a_social_movement"/><h2>As a social movement</h2>
<p>Anarchism as a <a href="Social_movement" title="social movement">social movement</a> has regularly endured fluctuations in popularity. Its classical period, which scholars demarcate as from 1860 to 1939, is associated with the working-class movements of the nineteenth century and the <a href="Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>-era struggles against <a href="Fascism" title="fascism">fascism</a>.<sup id="_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#_note-168" title="">[168]</a></sup> Also, anarchists were specially active in the <a href="Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition of slavery</a>, and have been active in the <a href="Labor_movement" title="labor movement">labor movement</a>, <a href="Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a>, <a href="Women's_liberation" title="women's liberation">women's liberation</a>, both anti-capitalism and pro-capitalism<sup id="_ref-tormey_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-tormey" title="">[17]</a></sup> (with varying definitions of capitalism), the <a href="Anti-war_movement" title="anti-war movement">anti-war movement</a>, <a href="LGBT_social_movements" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT rights</a>, both <a href="Anti-globalization" title="anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a> and pro-<a href="Globalization" title="globalization">globalization</a> (with varying definitions of globalization), <a href="Tax_resistance" title="tax resistance">tax resistance</a>, and other forms of anarchist activism. </p>
<a id="The_First_International" name="The_First_International"/><h3>The First International</h3>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Bakuninfull.jpg" title="Collectivist anarchist Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion, and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists."><img src="Bakuninfull.jpg" alt="Collectivist anarchist Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion, and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists." title="Collectivist anarchist Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion, and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption">Collectivist anarchist <a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> opposed the <a href="Marxist" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> aim of <a href="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> in favour of universal rebellion, and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists.<sup id="_ref-bbc_e" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bbc" title="">[45]</a></sup></div></p>
<p>In Europe, harsh reaction followed the <a href="Revolutions_of_1848" title="revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>, wherein ten countries experienced brief or long-term social upheaval as groups carried out nationalist revolutions. After most of these attempts at systematic change ended in failure, conservative elements took advantage of the divided groups of socialists, anarchists, liberals, and nationalists, to prevent further revolt.<sup id="_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#_note-169" title="">[169]</a></sup> In 1864 the <a href="International_Workingmen's_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (sometimes called the "First International") united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of <a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>,<sup id="_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#_note-170" title="">[170]</a></sup> <a href="Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquists</a>, <a href="Philadelphes" title="Philadelphes">Philadelphes</a>, English trade unionists, <a href="Socialists" title="socialists">socialists</a> and <a href="Social_democrats" title="social democrats">social democrats</a>. </p>
<p>Due to its links to active workers' movements, the International became a significant organization. <a href="Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> became a leading figure in the International and a member of its General Council. Proudhon's followers, the <a href="Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualists</a>, opposed Marx's <a href="State_socialism" title="state socialism">state socialism</a>, advocating political <a href="Abstentionism" title="abstentionism">abstentionism</a> and small property holdings.<sup id="_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#_note-171" title="">[171]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#_note-172" title="">[172]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1868, following their unsuccessful participation in the <a href="League_of_Peace_and_Freedom" title="League of Peace and Freedom">League of Peace and Freedom</a> (LPF), <a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and his associates joined the First International – which had decided not to get involved with the LPF. They allied themselves with the <a href="Federalist" title="federalist">federalist</a> socialist sections of the International, who advocated the revolutionary overthrow of the state and the collectivization of property. </p>
<p>At first, the <a href="Collectivist_anarchism" title="collectivist anarchism">collectivists</a> worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction. Subsequently, the International became polarized into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads.<sup id="_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#_note-173" title="">[173]</a></sup> Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as <a href="Centralism" title="centralism">centralist</a> and predicted that, if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of the <a href="Ruling_class" title="ruling class">ruling class</a> they had fought against.<sup id="_ref-bakuninmarx_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bakuninmarx" title="">[174]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#_note-175" title="">[175]</a></sup> </p>
<p>In 1872, the conflict climaxed with a final split between the two groups at the <a href="Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a>, where Bakunin and <a href="James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">James Guillaume</a> were expelled from the International and its headquarters were transferred to New York. In response, the federalist sections formed their own International at the <a href="Anarchist_St._Imier_International" title="Anarchist St. Imier International">St. Imier Congress</a>, adopting a revolutionary anarchist program.<sup id="_ref-Graham-05_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Graham-05" title="">[176]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Organized_labor" name="Organized_labor"/><h3>Organized labor</h3>
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The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International were the precursors of the anarcho-syndicalists, seeking to "replace the privilege and authority of the State" with the "free and spontaneous organization of labor."<sup id="_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#_note-177" title="">[177]</a></sup> In 1886, the <a href="Federation_of_Organized_Trades_and_Labor_Unions" title="Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions">Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions</a> (FOTLU) of the United States and Canada unanimously set 1 May 1886, as the date by which the <a href="Eight-hour_day" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour work day</a> would become standard.<sup id="_ref-How_May_Day_Became_a_Workers_Holiday-resolution_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-How_May_Day_Became_a_Workers_Holiday-resolution" title="">[178]</a></sup> </p>
<p>In response, unions across America prepared a general strike in support of the event.<sup id="_ref-How_May_Day_Became_a_Workers_Holiday-strike_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-How_May_Day_Became_a_Workers_Holiday-strike" title="">[179]</a></sup> Upon 3 May, in Chicago, a fight broke out when replacement workers attempted to cross the picket line. Police intervention led to the deaths of four men, enraging the workers of the city. The next day, 4 May, anarchists staged a rally at Chicago's Haymarket Square.<sup id="_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#_note-180" title="">[180]</a></sup> A bomb was thrown by an unknown party near the conclusion of the rally, killing an officer.<sup id="_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#_note-181" title="">[181]</a></sup> In the ensuing panic, police opened fire on the crowd and each other.<sup id="_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#_note-182" title="">[182]</a></sup> Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed.<sup id="_ref-the_bomb_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-the_bomb" title="">[183]</a></sup> Eight anarchists directly and indirectly related to the organizers of the rally were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officer. The men became international political celebrities among the labor movement. Four of the men were executed and a fifth committed suicide prior to his own execution. </p>
<p>The incident became known as the <a href="Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a>, and was a setback for the labor movement and the struggle for the eight hour day. In 1890 a second attempt, this time international in scope, to organize for the eight hour day was made. The event also had the secondary purpose of memorializing workers killed as a result of the Haymarket affair.<sup id="_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#_note-184" title="">[184]</a></sup> The celebration of <a href="International_Workers'_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> on <a href="May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> became an annual event the following year.</p>
<p>In 1907, the <a href="International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam</a> gathered delegates from 14 different countries, among which important figures of the anarchist movement, including <a href="Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>, <a href="Pierre_Monatte" title="Pierre Monatte">Pierre Monatte</a>, <a href="Luigi_Fabbri" title="Luigi Fabbri">Luigi Fabbri</a>, <a href="Beno%C3%AEt_Broutchoux" title="Benoît Broutchoux">Benoît Broutchoux</a>, <a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, <a href="Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a>, <a href="Christiaan_Cornelissen" title="Christiaan Cornelissen">Christiaan Cornelissen</a>, etc. Various themes were treated during the Congress, in particular concerning the organisation of the anarchist movement, <a href="Popular_education" title="popular education">popular education</a> issues, the <a href="General_strike" title="general strike">general strike</a> or <a href="Antimilitarism" title="antimilitarism">antimilitarism</a>. </p>
<p>A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and <a href="Syndicalism" title="syndicalism">syndicalism</a> (or <a href="Trade_union" title="trade union">trade unionism</a>). Malatesta and Monatte in particular opposed themselves on this issue, as the latter thought that syndicalism was revolutionary and would create the conditions of a social <a href="Revolution" title="revolution">revolution</a>, while Malatesta did not consider syndicalism by itself sufficient.<sup id="_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#_note-185" title="">[185]</a></sup> Malatesta thought that trade-unions were <a href="Reformism" title="reformism">reformist</a>, and could even be, at times, <a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>. Along with Cornelissen, he cited as example <a href="Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">US trade-unions</a>, where trade-unions composed of qualified workers sometimes opposed themselves to non-qualified workers in order to defend their relatively privileged position.</p>
<p>The Spanish Workers Federation in 1881 was the first major anarcho-syndicalist movement; anarchist trade union federations were of special importance in Spain. The most successful was the <a href="Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (National Confederation of Labour: CNT), founded in 1910. Before the 1940s, the CNT was the major force in Spanish working class politics and played a major role in the <a href="Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. The CNT was affiliated with the International Workers Association, a federation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions founded in 1922, with delegates representing two million workers from 15 countries in Europe and Latin America. </p>
<p>The largest organised anarchist movement today is in Spain, in the form of the <a href="Confederaci%C3%B3n_General_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación General del Trabajo">Confederación General del Trabajo</a> (CGT) and the <a href="Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a>. CGT membership was estimated to be around 100,000 for the year 2003.<sup id="_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#_note-186" title="">[186]</a></sup> Other active syndicalist movements include the US <a href="Workers_Solidarity_Alliance" title="Workers Solidarity Alliance">Workers Solidarity Alliance</a> and the UK <a href="Solidarity_Federation" title="Solidarity Federation">Solidarity Federation</a>. The revolutionary industrial unionist <a href="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>, claiming 2,000 paying members, and the <a href="International_Workers_Association" title="International Workers Association">International Workers Association</a>, an anarcho-syndicalist successor to the First International, also remain active.</p>
<a id="Russian_Revolution" name="Russian_Revolution"/><h3>Russian Revolution</h3>
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<a class="internal" href="Image:Goldmanberkman.jpeg" title="Anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman opposed Bolshevik consolidation of power following the Russian Revolution (1917)."><img src="Goldmanberkman.jpeg" alt="Anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman opposed Bolshevik consolidation of power following the Russian Revolution (1917)." title="Anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman opposed Bolshevik consolidation of power following the Russian Revolution (1917)." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption">Anarchists <a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> and <a href="Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a> opposed <a href="Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> consolidation of power following the <a href="Russian_Revolution_(1917)" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution (1917)</a>.</div>
Anarchists participated alongside the <a href="Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> in both <a href="February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a> and <a href="October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October revolutions</a>, many anarchists initially supporting the Bolshevik coup. However, the Bolsheviks soon turned against the anarchists and other left-wing opposition, a conflict that culminated in the 1921 <a href="Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>. Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, driven underground or joined the victorious Bolsheviks. In the <a href="Free_Territory_(Ukraine)" title="Free Territory (Ukraine)">Ukraine</a>, anarchists fought in the <a href="Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> against Whites and then the Bolsheviks as part of the <a href="Revolutionary_Insurrectionary_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine</a> led by <a href="Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>, who attempted to establish an anarchist society in the region for a number of months.</p>
<p>Expelled American anarchists <a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> and <a href="Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a> were amongst those agitating in response to Bolshevik policy and the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, before they left Russia. Both wrote accounts of their experiences in Russia, criticizing the amount of control the Bolsheviks exercised. For them, <a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin's</a> predictions about the consequences of Marxist rule that the rulers of the new "socialist” Marxist state would become a new elite<sup id="_ref-bakuninmarx_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bakuninmarx" title="">[174]</a></sup> had proved all too true.</p>
<p>The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw Bolshevik success as setting an example; <a href="Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a> grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the US, for example, certain members of the major syndicalist movements of the <a href="Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_travail" title="Confédération générale du travail">CGT</a> and <a href="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">IWW</a> left the organizations and joined the <a href="Comintern" title="Comintern">Communist International</a>.</p>
<p>In Paris, the <a href="Dielo_Truda" title="Dielo Truda">Dielo Truda</a> group of Russian anarchist exiles, which included <a href="Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>, concluded that anarchists needed to develop new forms of organisation in response to the structures of Bolshevism. Their 1926 manifesto, called the <i><a href="Organizational_Platform_of_the_General_Union_of_Anarchists_(Draft)" title="Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft)">Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft)</a></i>,<sup id="_ref-Platformtext_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Platformtext" title="">[129]</a></sup> was supported. <a href="Platformist" title="Platformist">Platformist</a> groups active today include the <a href="Workers_Solidarity_Movement" title="Workers Solidarity Movement">Workers Solidarity Movement</a> in Ireland and the <a href="NEFAC" title="NEFAC">North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists</a> of North America.</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="Image:Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" title="Anti-fascist Maquis, who resisted Nazi and Francoist rule in Europe."><img src="Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" alt="Anti-fascist Maquis, who resisted Nazi and Francoist rule in Europe." title="Anti-fascist Maquis, who resisted Nazi and Francoist rule in Europe." class="location-left type-thumb"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption">Anti-fascist <a href="Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a>, who resisted <a href="Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> and <a href="Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francoist</a> rule in Europe.</div></p>
<a id="Fight_against_fascism" name="Fight_against_fascism"/><h3>Fight against fascism</h3>
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In the 1920s and 1930s, the rise of <a href="Fascism" title="fascism">fascism</a> in Europe transformed anarchism's conflict with the state. Italy saw the first struggles between anarchists and fascists. <a href="Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italian anarchists</a> played a key role in the <a href="Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> organisation <i><a href="Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i>, which was strongest in areas with anarchist traditions and marked up numerous successful victories, including repelling <a href="Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> in the anarchist stronghold of <a href="Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> in August 1922.<sup id="_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#_note-187" title="">[187]</a></sup> In France, where the <a href="Far_right_leagues" title="far right leagues">far right leagues</a> came close to insurrection in the <a href="6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">February 1934 riots</a>, anarchists divided over a <a href="United_front" title="united front">united front</a> policy.<sup id="_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#_note-188" title="">[188]</a></sup></p>
<p>In Spain, the <a href="Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance, and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right wing election victory. But in 1936, the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the <a href="Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939). In response to the army rebellion, an <a href="Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchist-inspired</a> movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of <a href="Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and of large areas of rural Spain where they <a href="Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivized</a> the land. </p>
<p>But even before the fascist victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the <a href="Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinists</a>, who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. According to <a href="George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> and other foreign observers, Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both <a href="Workers'_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">dissident Marxists</a> and anarchists.</p>
<a id="Internal_issues_and_debates" name="Internal_issues_and_debates"/><h2>Internal issues and debates</h2>
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Anarchism is a philosophy which embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies and schools of thought; as such, disagreement over questions of values, ideology and tactics is common. The compatibility of <a href="Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="anarchism and capitalism">capitalism</a>,<sup id="_ref-oxcom_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-oxcom" title="">[6]</a></sup> <a href="Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="anarchism and nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="Anarchism_and_religion" title="anarchism and religion">religion</a> with anarchism is widely disputed. Similarly, anarchism enjoys a complex relationship with ideologies such as <a href="Anarchism_and_Marxism" title="Anarchism and Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="Issues_in_anarchism#Communism" title="Issues in anarchism">communism</a> and <a href="Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">capitalism</a>. Anarchists may be motivated by <a href="Humanism" title="humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">divine authority</a>, <a href="Ethical_egoism" title="ethical egoism">enlightened self-interest</a> or any number of alternative ethical doctrines.</p>
<p>Phenomena such as <a href="Civilization" title="civilization">civilization</a>, <a href="Technology" title="technology">technology</a> (e.g. within <a href="Anarcho-primitivism" title="anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a> and <a href="Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary anarchism</a>), and <a href="Issues_in_anarchism#Participation_in_statist_democracy" title="Issues in anarchism">the democratic process</a> may be sharply criticized within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others. Anarchist attitudes towards <a href="Issues_in_anarchism#Race" title="Issues in anarchism">race</a>, <a href="Issues_in_anarchism#Gender" title="Issues in anarchism">gender</a> and <a href="Issues_in_anarchism#The_environment" title="Issues in anarchism">the environment</a> have changed significantly since the modern origin of the philosophy in the 18th century. </p>
<p>On a tactical level, while <a href="Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="propaganda of the deed">propaganda of the deed</a> was a tactic used by anarchists in the 19th century (e.g. the <a href="Nihilist_movement" title="Nihilist movement">Nihilist movement</a>), contemporary anarchists espouse alternative <a href="Direct_action" title="direct action">direct action</a> methods such as <a href="Nonviolence" title="nonviolence">nonviolence</a>, <a href="Counter-economics" title="counter-economics">counter-economics</a> and <a href="Crypto-anarchism" title="Crypto-anarchism">anti-state cryptography</a> to bring about an anarchist society. About the scope of an anarchist society, some anarchists advocate a <a href="Global" title="global">global</a> one, while others do so by <a href="Local" title="local">local</a> ones.<sup id="_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#_note-189" title="">[189]</a></sup> The diversity in anarchism has led to widely different use of identical terms among different anarchist traditions, which has led to many <a href="Issues_in_anarchism#Definitional_concerns" title="Issues in anarchism">definitional concerns in anarchist theory</a>.</p>
<a id="See_also" name="See_also"/><h2>See also</h2>
<p>{{Anarchism portal}}
{{main}}
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Anarchist symbolism</a></li></ul>

<a id="Footnotes" name="Footnotes"/><h2>Footnotes</h2>
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<a id="Further_reading" name="Further_reading"/><h2>Further reading</h2>
<p>{{main}}
</p>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="Anarchism._A_Documentary_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas" title="Anarchism. A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas">Anarchism. A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas</a>.</i> <a href="Robert_Graham_(historian)" title="Robert Graham (historian)">Robert Graham</a>, editor.
<ul>
<li><i>Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939)</i> Black Rose Books, Montréal and London 2005. <a class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551642506" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551642506">ISBN 1551642506</a>.</li>
<li><i>Volume Two: The Anarchist Current (1939–2006)</i> Black Rose Books, Montréal 2007. <a class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9781551643113" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9781551643113">ISBN 9781551643113</a>.</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Anarchism</i>, <a href="George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a> (Penguin Books, 1962). {{oclc}}.</li>
<li><i>Anarchy: A Graphic Guide</i>, <a href="Clifford_Harper" title="Clifford Harper">Clifford Harper</a> (Camden Press, 1987): An overview, updating Woodcock's classic, and illustrated throughout by Harper's woodcut-style artwork.</li>
<li><i>The Anarchist Reader</i>, George Woodcock (ed.) (Fontana/Collins 1977; <a class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0006340113" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0006340113">ISBN 0006340113</a>): An anthology of writings from anarchist thinkers and activists including <a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>, <a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a>, <a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a>, <a href="Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a>, <a href="Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a>, <a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a>, and many others.</li>
<li><i>Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice</i>, Edward Stringham (Transaction Publishers, 2007; <a class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1412805791" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1412805791">ISBN 1412805791</a>): An overview of the major arguments and historical studies about private property anarchism.</li>
<li><i>Anarchy as Order: The History and Future of Civic Humanity</i>, Mohammed Bamyeh (Rowan &amp; Littlefield, 2009). </li></ul>

<a id="External_links" name="External_links"/><h2>External links</h2>
<p>{{sisterlinks}}
</p><a id="General_resources" name="General_resources"/><h3>General resources</h3>

<ul>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.infoshop.org/faq/index.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.infoshop.org/faq/index.html">"An Anarchist FAQ Webpage"</a>{{ndash}}<a href="An_Anarchist_FAQ" title="An Anarchist FAQ">An Anarchist FAQ</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/anarfaq.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/anarfaq.htm">Anarchist Theory FAQ</a>{{ndash}}by <a href="Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.ozarkia.net/bill/anarchism/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ozarkia.net/bill/anarchism/">Anarchism Page</a>{{ndash}}faqs, library, resources</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.infoshop.org/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.infoshop.org/">Infoshop.org</a>{{ndash}}<a href="Infoshop.org" title="Infoshop.org">Infoshop.org</a>; anarchist news, information, and online library.</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.anarchism.net/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.anarchism.net/">Anarchism.net</a>{{ndash}}a pluralist resource on anarchism</li></ul>

<a id="Biographical_and_bibliographical" name="Biographical_and_bibliographical"/><h3>Biographical and bibliographical</h3>

<ul>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm">Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia</a>{{ndash}}700+ entries, with short bios, links and dedicated pages.</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/" rel="nofollow" title="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/">Anarchy Archives</a>{{ndash}}<a href="Anarchy_Archives" title="Anarchy Archives">Anarchy Archives</a>; information relating to famous anarchists including their writings.</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/">KateSharpleyLibrary.net</a>{{ndash}}website of the <a href="Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a>, containing many historical documents pertaining to socialist anarchism.</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/index-en.php" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/index-en.php">They Lie We Die</a>{{ndash}}anarchist virtual library containing 768 books, booklets and texts about socialist anarchism.</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://mises.org/literature.aspx?action=subject&amp;Id=123" rel="nofollow" title="http://mises.org/literature.aspx?action=subject&amp;Id=123">Anarchy: Libertarian Studies</a>{{ndash}}<a href="Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>; online collection of classical books and works about libertarian anarchism.</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://praxeology.net/anarcres.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://praxeology.net/anarcres.htm">About Market Anarchism</a>{{ndash}}<a href="Molinari_Institute" title="Molinari Institute">Molinari Institute</a>; online booklets and texts about market anarchism.</li></ul>

<p>{{Anarchism}}
{{Philosophy topics}}
{{Political culture}}
{{Political ideologies}}</p>
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<a href="http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anargisme">af:Anargisme</a>
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<a href="http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC">be:Анархізм</a>
<a href="http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC">be-x-old:Анархізм</a>
<a href="http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divelouriezh">br:Divelouriezh</a>
<a href="http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC">bg:Анархизъм</a>
<a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquisme">ca:Anarquisme</a>
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<a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme">da:Anarkisme</a>
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<a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82">el:Αναρχισμός</a>
<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo">es:Anarquismo</a>
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<a href="http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisma">fo:Anarkisma</a>
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<a href="http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain-Riaghailteachd">gd:Ain-Riaghailteachd</a>
<a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo">gl:Anarquismo</a>
<a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%82%98%ED%82%A4%EC%A6%98">ko:아나키즘</a>
<a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE">hi:अराजकता</a>
<a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhizam">hr:Anarhizam</a>
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<a href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC">kk:Анархизм</a>
<a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utawala_huria">sw:Utawala huria</a>
<a href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus">la:Anarchismus</a>
<a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhisms">lv:Anarhisms</a>
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<a href="http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nonje'asi'o">jbo:nonje'asi'o</a>
<a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchizmus">hu:Anarchizmus</a>
<a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC">mk:Анархизам</a>
<a href="Arz:%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="arz:اناركيه">arz:اناركيه</a>
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme">ms:Anarkisme</a>
<a href="Mwl:Anarquismo" title="mwl:Anarquismo">mwl:Anarquismo</a>
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<a href="Sah:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="sah:Анархизм">sah:Анархизм</a>
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<a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%AA">ur:فوضیت</a>
<a href="http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85">ug:ئانارخىزم</a>
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<a href="War:Anarkismo" title="war:Anarkismo">war:Anarkismo</a>
<a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D">yi:אנארכיזם</a>
<a href="Zh-yue:%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="zh-yue:無政府主義">zh-yue:無政府主義</a>
<a href="Diq:Anar%C5%9Fizm" title="diq:Anarşizm">diq:Anarşizm</a>
<a href="Bat-smg:Anark%C4%97zmos" title="bat-smg:Anarkėzmos">bat-smg:Anarkėzmos</a>
<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89">zh:无政府主义</a></p></text>
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